Platelet activating factor

Platelet activating factor is a lipid of Glycerophospholipids (GP) class. Platelet activating factor is associated with abnormalities such as Atherosclerosis, Acute cholecystitis without calculus, Cholecystitis, Colitis and Cholecystitis, Acute. The involved functions are known as Cell Survival, Metabolic Inhibition, lipid oxidation, Apoptosis and Oxidation. Platelet activating factor often locates in soluble, Cellular Membrane, Smooth muscle (tissue), Intima and Tissue specimen. The associated genes with Platelet activating factor are apolipoprotein A-I Milano, Homologous Gene, TSPO gene, HBEGF gene and SLC33A1 gene. The related lipids are Hydroxycholesterols, Liposomes, 25-hydroxycholesterol, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lipopolysaccharides. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model and Transgenic Model.

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Introduction

To understand associated biological information of Platelet activating factor, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Platelet activating factor is suspected in Ischemia, Pleurisy, Atherosclerosis, Inflammatory disorder, Retinal Diseases, Diabetes and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
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Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Platelet activating factor

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Mouth, Edentulous D009066 1 associated lipids
Anthrax D000881 1 associated lipids
Egg Hypersensitivity D021181 1 associated lipids
Arenaviridae Infections D001117 1 associated lipids
Leukostasis D018921 1 associated lipids
Pulmonary Atelectasis D001261 1 associated lipids
Neurologic Manifestations D009461 1 associated lipids
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome D018370 1 associated lipids
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic D020201 1 associated lipids
Dictyocaulus Infections D004022 1 associated lipids
Migraine without Aura D020326 1 associated lipids
Ileitis D007079 2 associated lipids
Peanut Hypersensitivity D021183 2 associated lipids
Jaundice, Obstructive D041781 2 associated lipids
Multiple Trauma D009104 2 associated lipids
Amnesia, Anterograde D020324 2 associated lipids
Soft Tissue Injuries D017695 2 associated lipids
Dementia, Multi-Infarct D015161 2 associated lipids
Capillary Leak Syndrome D019559 2 associated lipids
Chromoblastomycosis D002862 2 associated lipids
Hemorrhagic Fever, American D006478 2 associated lipids
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease D001912 2 associated lipids
Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials D005119 3 associated lipids
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing D020345 3 associated lipids
Dyslexia D004410 3 associated lipids
Leukemia, Eosinophilic, Acute D015472 3 associated lipids
Encephalitis, Viral D018792 3 associated lipids
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis D013344 3 associated lipids
Hematoma, Subdural D006408 3 associated lipids
Toxemia D014115 3 associated lipids
Contracture D003286 3 associated lipids
Bronchial Diseases D001982 3 associated lipids
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal D011018 3 associated lipids
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration D001998 3 associated lipids
Ileal Diseases D007077 3 associated lipids
Colitis, Ischemic D017091 3 associated lipids
Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency D010981 3 associated lipids
Hepatitis B, Chronic D019694 4 associated lipids
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous D016410 4 associated lipids
Brain Injuries D001930 4 associated lipids
Milk Hypersensitivity D016269 4 associated lipids
Thrombocytosis D013922 4 associated lipids
Cluster Headache D003027 4 associated lipids
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic D002780 4 associated lipids
Thrombasthenia D013915 4 associated lipids
Optic Nerve Injuries D020221 4 associated lipids
Asphyxia Neonatorum D001238 4 associated lipids
Viremia D014766 4 associated lipids
Hyperuricemia D033461 4 associated lipids
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia D001997 4 associated lipids
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PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with Platelet activating factor

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What functions are associated with Platelet activating factor?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

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What genes are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'A cardioprotective role for platelet-activating factor through NOS-dependent S-nitrosylation.' (Leary PJ et al., 2008).

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'A regulatory role of LPCAT1 in the synthesis of inflammatory lipids, PAF and LPC, in the retina of diabetic mice.' (Cheng L et al., 2009).

Transgenic Model

Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Heterogeneity in the sn-1 carbon chain of platelet-activating factor glycerophospholipids determines pro- or anti-apoptotic signaling in primary neurons.' (Ryan SD et al., 2008).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with Platelet activating factor

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Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 8526
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Hamasaki Y et al. Platelet-activating factor raises airway and vascular pressures and induces edema in lungs perfused with platelet-free solution. 1984 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:6547031
Daniel EE and O'Byrne P Effect of inflammatory mediators on airway nerves and muscle. 1991 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2003686
Meade CJ and Heuer H PAF antagonism as an approach to the treatment of airway hyperreactivity. 1991 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2003696
Rylander R and Beijer L Inhalation of endotoxin stimulates alveolar macrophage production of platelet-activating factor. 1987 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3541718
Christman BW et al. Effect of platelet-activating factor on aerosol histamine responsiveness in awake sheep. 1987 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3592402
Benveniste J A role for paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) in bronchial hyperreactivity? 1987 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3592414
Halonen M et al. Differential effects of platelet depletion on the physiologic alterations of IgE anaphylaxis and acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine infusion in the rabbit. 1981 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:7294504
Lohman I and Halonen M Effects of the PAF antagonist WEB 2086 on PAF-induced physiologic alterations and on IgE anaphylaxis in the rabbit. 1990 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2382903
Schellenberg RR Airway responses to platelet-activating factor. 1987 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3310779
Miadonna A et al. Evidence of PAF-acether metabolic pathway activation in antigen challenge of upper respiratory airways. 1989 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2546468
Pretolani M et al. Protection by nedocromil sodium of active immunization-induced bronchopulmonary alterations in the guinea pig. 1990 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2160213
Schleimer RP et al. Characterization of inflammatory mediator release from purified human lung mast cells. 1986 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3485946
Zimmerman GA et al. Production of platelet-activating factor, a biologically active lipid, by vascular endothelial cells. 1987 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3300444
Murphy RC and Clay KL Measurement of platelet-activating factor by physicochemical technique s. 1987 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3300445
Halonen M et al. Respiratory and circulatory alterations induced by acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine, a mediator of IgE anaphylaxis in the rabbit. 1980 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:7458063
Scappaticci E et al. Platelet-activating factor in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with sarcoidosis. 1992 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:1336939
Tokuyama K et al. Mechanism of airway narrowing caused by inhaled platelet-activating factor. Role of airway microvascular leakage. 1991 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2048823
Lansing MW et al. Lipid mediators contribute to oxygen-radical-induced airway responses in sheep. 1991 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:1741541
Diez-Fraile A et al. Effect of proinflammatory mediators and glucocorticoids on L-selectin expression in peripheral blood neutrophils from dairy cows in various stages of lactation. 2004 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:15524330
McClenahan DJ et al. Role of platelet-activating factor in alveolar septal injury associated with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves. 2000 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:10714514
Kingston JK et al. Measurement of the activation of equine platelets by use of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody. 2002 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:11939312
Menzies-Gow NJ et al. Roles of thromboxane A2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine in endotoxin-induced digital vasoconstriction in horses. 2008 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:18241016
Kingston JK et al. Effects of formaldehyde fixation on equine platelets using flow cytometric methods to evaluate markers of platelet activation. 2002 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:12061530
Wilson DV et al. Histologic and ultrastructural changes after large-colon torsion, with and without use of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist (WEB 2086), in ponies. 1994 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8067617
Wilson DV et al. Cardiovascular responses to exogenous platelet-activating factor (PAF) in anesthetized ponies, and the effects of a PAF antagonist, WEB 2086. 1993 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8430938
Dodam JR et al. Effect of pertussis toxin and B-oligomer on platelet-activating factor-induced generation of inositol phosphates in porcine alveolar macrophages. 1996 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8712527
Weiss DJ and Evanson OA Detection of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses. 1997 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:9256963
Tsuchiya R et al. Role of platelet activating factor in development of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in dogs with endotoxemia. 1999 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:10048555
McClenahan DJ et al. In vitro evaluation of the role of platelet-activating factor and interleukin-8 in Mannheimia haemolytica-induced bovine pulmonary endothelial cell injury. 2002 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:11911574
Watanabe M et al. Characterization of platelet-activating factor-induced cutaneous edema and erythema in dogs. 2016 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:27580108
Lee EK and Kehrli ME Expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils of periparturient cows and neonatal calves. 1998 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:9442240
Wilson DV and Stick JA Effect of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist on cardiovascular and peripheral cellular responses to colonic ischemia and reperfusion in anesthetized ponies. 1993 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8498751
Burgos RA et al. Determination of specific receptor sites for platelet activating factor in bovine neutrophils. 2004 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:15141884
Walz PH et al. Platelet function and association of bovine viral diarrhea virus with platelets of persistently infected cattle. 2005 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:16273905
LeBlanc CJ et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on in vivo production of inflammatory mediators in clinically normal dogs. 2008 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:18380580
Yan ZY et al. Platelet activating factor-induced changes in gastric motility and vascular resistance. 1992 Am. J. Surg. pmid:1346361
Soybel DI et al. Effects of platelet-activating factor on canine gastric mucosal blood flow and permeability to luminal acid. 1988 Am. J. Surg. pmid:3341532
Ono S et al. A clinical study on the significance of platelet-activating factor in the pathophysiology of septic disseminated intravascular coagulation in surgery. 1996 Am. J. Surg. pmid:8604832
Nagase T et al. Airway responsiveness in transgenic mice overexpressing platelet-activating factor receptor. Roles of thromboxanes and leukotrienes. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9372685
Larkin EK et al. New risk factors for adult-onset incident asthma. A nested case-control study of host antioxidant defense. 2015 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:25408961
Samapati R et al. Lung endothelial Ca2+ and permeability response to platelet-activating factor is mediated by acid sphingomyelinase and transient receptor potential classical 6. 2012 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:22246702
Masclans JR et al. Salbutamol reduces pulmonary neutrophil sequestration of platelet-activating factor in humans. 1996 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8756833
Maruoka S et al. PAF-induced RANTES production by human airway smooth muscle cells requires both p38 MAP kinase and Erk. 2000 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10712344
Spence DP et al. The effect of the orally active platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in the treatment of asthma. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8173754
Fukuyama S et al. Effect of eotaxin and platelet-activating factor on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs in vivo. 2000 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10852755
Pretolani M et al. Role of eosinophil activation in the bronchial reactivity of allergic guinea pigs. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8173756
Kafoury RM et al. Induction of inflammatory mediators in human airway epithelial cells by lipid ozonation products. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10588609
McBride DE et al. Inflammatory effects of ozone in the upper airways of subjects with asthma. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8173759
Göggel R et al. Platelet-activating factor-induced pulmonary edema is partly mediated by prostaglandin E(2), E-prostanoid 3-receptors, and potassium channels. 2002 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:12204861
Thorne JR and Broadley KJ Adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in conscious hyperresponsive and sensitized guinea pigs. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8306036
Lou YP et al. Platelet-activating factor induces goblet cell hyperplasia and mucin gene expression in airways. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9620929
Falk S et al. Quinolines attenuate PAF-induced pulmonary pressor responses and edema formation. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10556149
Nakos G et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage alterations in pulmonary embolism. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9817700
Kuitert LM et al. Effect of a novel potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, modipafant, in clinical asthma. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7735582
Mason GR et al. The effect of inhalation of platelet-activating factor on the pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7735622
Félez MA et al. Inhaled platelet-activating factor worsens gas exchange in mild asthma. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8049817
Gómez FP et al. The effects of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by zileuton on platelet-activating-factor-induced pulmonary abnormalities in mild asthma. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9603138
Berger A et al. Dioleylphosphatidylglycerol inhibits the expression of type II phospholipase A2 in macrophages. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9927381
Roca J et al. Salbutamol inhibits pulmonary effects of platelet activating factor in man. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7767515
Ohar JA et al. Chronic platelet-activating factor induces a decrease in pulmonary vascular compliance, hydroxyproline, and loss of vascular matrix. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8004322
Shin MH et al. Nasal allergen challenge generates 1-0-hexadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8118633
Chen CR et al. Platelet-activating factor potentiates protamine-induced lung edema. Role of eicosanoids. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8111595
Lekka ME et al. The impact of intravenous fat emulsion administration in acute lung injury. 2004 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:14656749
Satoh N et al. Plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency in Japanese patients with asthma. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10051281
Henig NR et al. Effect of recombinant human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. 2000 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10934081
Sulakvelidze I and McDonald DM Anti-edema action of formoterol in rat trachea does not depend on capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7509246
Nagase T et al. Airway hyperresponsiveness in transgenic mice overexpressing platelet activating factor receptor is mediated by an atropine-sensitive pathway. 2002 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:11790655
O'Connor BJ et al. Inhibitory effect of UK,74505, a potent and specific oral platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, on airway and systemic responses to inhaled PAF in humans. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8025768
Evans DJ et al. Effects of a potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, SR27417A, on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9230719
Díaz O et al. Inhibition of PAF-induced gas exchange defects by beta-adrenergic agonists in mild asthma is not due to bronchodilation. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9230720
Triggiani M et al. Characterization of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in human bronchoalveolar lavage. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9230731
Hozawa S et al. Effects of a PAF antagonist, Y-24180, on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7551370
Imai Y et al. Inflammatory chemical mediators during conventional ventilation and during high frequency oscillatory ventilation. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7952613
Pawliczak R et al. Oxidative stress induces arachidonate release from human lung cells through the epithelial growth factor receptor pathway. 2002 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:12444032
Samet JM et al. Effect of ozone on platelet-activating factor production in phorbol-differentiated HL60 cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS S6), and primary human bronchial epithelial cells. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1419027
Longphre M et al. PAF-induced airways hyperreactivity is modulated by mast cells in mice. 1996 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8624251
Guilbert M et al. 5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid induces important eosinophil transmigration through basement membrane components: comparison of normal and asthmatic eosinophils. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:10385597
McNulty CA et al. Characterization of the integrin and activation steps mediating human eosinophil and neutrophil adhesion to chronically inflamed airway endothelium. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:10340944
Walker BA et al. Adenosine A3 receptor expression and function in eosinophils. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9160835
Tamm M et al. Hypoxia-induced interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production is mediated by platelet-activating factor and platelet-derived growth factor in primary human lung cells. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9761763
Shirasaki H et al. Expression of platelet-activating factor receptor mRNA in human and guinea pig lung. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8179916
Casale TB et al. Platelet-activating factor-induced human eosinophil transendothelial migration: evidence for a dynamic role of the endothelium. 1993 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8380250
Masuda T et al. Eosinophil penetration through cultured human airway epithelial cell layer. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7766427
Shamsuddin M et al. Differential regulation of leukotriene and platelet-activating factor synthesis in rat alveolar macrophages. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7766433
Powell WS et al. 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid is a potent stimulator of L-selectin shedding, surface expression of CD11b, actin polymerization, and calcium mobilization in human eosinophils. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9870930
Erger RA and Casale TB Comparative studies indicate that platelet-activating factor is a relatively weak eosinophilotactic mediator. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7811471
Minamiya Y et al. Platelet-activating factor mediates intercellular adhesion molecule-1-dependent radical production in the nonhypoxic ischemia rat lung. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9651191
Zoratti EM et al. Platelet-activating factor primes human eosinophil generation of superoxide. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1309421
Kondo M et al. Effect of platelet-activating factor on intracellular free calcium in cow tracheal epithelium. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8117446
Neeley SP et al. Selective regulation of expression of surface adhesion molecules Mac-1, L-selectin, and VLA-4 on human eosinophils and neutrophils. 1993 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7686761
Wu T et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates eicosanoid production in cultured human nasal mucosa. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1311593
Dent G et al. Protein kinase C inhibition enhances platelet-activating factor-induced eicosanoid production in human eosinophils. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9448055
Elstad MR et al. Protein kinase C regulates the synthesis of platelet-activating factor by human monocytes. 1991 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1846746
Delong P et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of the prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 gene causes thromboxane-dependent pulmonary hypertension in rabbits. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:10030848
Zimmerman GA et al. Juxtacrine intercellular signaling: another way to do it. 1993 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7504925
Morland CM et al. Selective eosinophil leukocyte recruitment by transendothelial migration and not by leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1316135
Kikuchi I et al. Eosinophil trans-basement membrane migration induced by interleukin-8 and neutrophils. 2006 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:16456187
Gomez J et al. Characterization of receptors for platelet-activating factor in guinea pig lung membranes. 1990 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:2167700
Longphre M and Kleeberger SR Susceptibility to platelet-activating factor-induced airway hyperreactivity and hyperpermeability: interstrain variation and genetic control. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7576695
Casale TB et al. Degree of neutrophil chemotaxis is dependent upon the chemoattractant and barrier. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1320901