Platelet activating factor

Platelet activating factor is a lipid of Glycerophospholipids (GP) class. Platelet activating factor is associated with abnormalities such as Atherosclerosis, Acute cholecystitis without calculus, Cholecystitis, Colitis and Cholecystitis, Acute. The involved functions are known as Cell Survival, Metabolic Inhibition, lipid oxidation, Apoptosis and Oxidation. Platelet activating factor often locates in soluble, Cellular Membrane, Smooth muscle (tissue), Intima and Tissue specimen. The associated genes with Platelet activating factor are apolipoprotein A-I Milano, Homologous Gene, TSPO gene, HBEGF gene and SLC33A1 gene. The related lipids are Hydroxycholesterols, Liposomes, 25-hydroxycholesterol, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lipopolysaccharides. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model and Transgenic Model.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of Platelet activating factor, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Platelet activating factor is suspected in Ischemia, Pleurisy, Atherosclerosis, Inflammatory disorder, Retinal Diseases, Diabetes and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Platelet activating factor

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Hemolysis D006461 131 associated lipids
Uremia D014511 33 associated lipids
Colitis, Ulcerative D003093 24 associated lipids
Stomach Ulcer D013276 75 associated lipids
Kidney Failure, Chronic D007676 51 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus D003920 90 associated lipids
Hypoxia D000860 23 associated lipids
Arrhythmias, Cardiac D001145 42 associated lipids
Hypercalcemia D006934 13 associated lipids
Neovascularization, Pathologic D009389 39 associated lipids
Tumor Virus Infections D014412 8 associated lipids
Adenocarcinoma D000230 166 associated lipids
Dermatitis, Contact D003877 59 associated lipids
Pain D010146 64 associated lipids
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic D008180 43 associated lipids
Lung Diseases D008171 37 associated lipids
Lung Neoplasms D008175 171 associated lipids
Pulmonary Fibrosis D011658 24 associated lipids
Wounds and Injuries D014947 20 associated lipids
Pleurisy D010998 20 associated lipids
Burns D002056 34 associated lipids
Pancreatic Neoplasms D010190 77 associated lipids
Inflammation D007249 119 associated lipids
Reperfusion Injury D015427 65 associated lipids
Colitis D003092 69 associated lipids
Colonic Neoplasms D003110 161 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 D003922 56 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D003924 87 associated lipids
Diabetic Retinopathy D003930 39 associated lipids
Infertility, Male D007248 11 associated lipids
Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental D008325 67 associated lipids
Body Weight D001835 333 associated lipids
Edema D004487 152 associated lipids
Brain Injuries D001930 4 associated lipids
Arthritis D001168 41 associated lipids
Arthritis, Experimental D001169 24 associated lipids
Osteonecrosis D010020 5 associated lipids
Hypotension D007022 41 associated lipids
Acute Kidney Injury D058186 34 associated lipids
Gastritis D005756 27 associated lipids
Pulmonary Edema D011654 23 associated lipids
Coronary Disease D003327 70 associated lipids
Intestinal Obstruction D007415 6 associated lipids
Pancreatitis D010195 10 associated lipids
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental D008106 36 associated lipids
Hypersensitivity D006967 22 associated lipids
Osteosarcoma D012516 50 associated lipids
Rhinitis D012220 10 associated lipids
Arterial Occlusive Diseases D001157 12 associated lipids
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute D004915 41 associated lipids
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 288

PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with Platelet activating factor

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What functions are associated with Platelet activating factor?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What genes are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'A cardioprotective role for platelet-activating factor through NOS-dependent S-nitrosylation.' (Leary PJ et al., 2008).

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'A regulatory role of LPCAT1 in the synthesis of inflammatory lipids, PAF and LPC, in the retina of diabetic mice.' (Cheng L et al., 2009).

Transgenic Model

Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Heterogeneity in the sn-1 carbon chain of platelet-activating factor glycerophospholipids determines pro- or anti-apoptotic signaling in primary neurons.' (Ryan SD et al., 2008).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with Platelet activating factor

Download all related citations
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 8526
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Mike I et al. The differences in 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and thromboxane B2 release from guinea pig platelets. 1991 Prostaglandins pmid:1763200
Rossi AG and O'Flaherty JT Prostaglandin binding sites in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. 1989 Prostaglandins pmid:2549574
McCulloch RK and Vandongen R Mechanisms of platelet activating factor-induced aggregation and secretion in human platelets. 1990 Prostaglandins pmid:2106712
Abstracts of the meeting: The role of platelet-activating factors in the immune response. Paris, France, June 25 and 26, 1987. 1987 Prostaglandins pmid:3671731
Acker G et al. Role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the ovoimplantation in the rat: effect of the specific PAF-acether antagonist, BN 52021. 1988 Prostaglandins pmid:3129758
Stratton MD et al. The effect of Clostridium difficile toxin on colonocyte prostanoid activity. 1994 Prostaglandins pmid:7892508
Bussolino F and Camussi G Effect of prostacyclin on platelet-activating factor induced rabbit and platelet aggregation. 1980 Prostaglandins pmid:6258196
Silver RK et al. Amniotic fluid platelet-activating factor (PAF) is elevated in patients with tocolytic failure and preterm delivery. 1992 Prostaglandins pmid:1542743
Cucala M et al. Central regulation of gastric acid secretion by platelet-activating factor in anesthesized rats. 1989 Prostaglandins pmid:2499013
Boughton-Smith NK et al. Relationship between PAF-acether and thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in endotoxin-induced intestinal damage in the rat. 1989 Prostaglandins pmid:2506613
Levine L Effects of okadaic acid on agonist-stimulated PGI2 production by rat liver cells (the C-9 cell line). 1991 Prostaglandins pmid:1647047
Dembinska-Kiec A et al. The effects of platelet-activating factor on flow rate and eicosanoid release in the isolated perfused rat gastric vascular bed. 1989 Prostaglandins pmid:2717778
Takehara S et al. Pharmacological actions of Y-24180, a new specific antagonist of platelet activating factor (PAF): II. Interactions with PAF and benzodiazepine receptors. 1990 Prostaglandins pmid:1965554
Kaminski DL et al. Studies on the etiology of acute acalculous cholecystitis: the effect of lipopolysaccharide on human gallbladder mucosal cells. 1994 Prostaglandins pmid:8041874
Kim CJ et al. Eosinophils recruited to the lung by segmental antigen challenge show a reduced chemotactic response to leukotriene B4. 1994 Prostaglandins pmid:8066187
Madden MC et al. Polarized release of lipid mediators derived from phospholipase A2 activity in a human bronchial cell line. 1994 Prostaglandins pmid:7809385
Satoh K et al. Activity of platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase in plasma from patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. 1988 Prostaglandins pmid:3399678
There is a case for PAF-acether antagonists. Abstracts of the conference. Paris, France, May 25-27, 1988. 1988 Prostaglandins pmid:3399682
Orevi M et al. A potent inhibitor of platelet activating factor from the saliva of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. 1992 Prostaglandins pmid:1584997
Terasawa M et al. Pharmacological actions of Y-24180: I. A potent and specific antagonist of platelet-activating factor. 1990 Prostaglandins pmid:2093935
Cirino M et al. A study with BN 52021 demonstrates the involvement of PAF-acether in IgE-dependent anaphylactic bronchoconstriction. 1986 Prostaglandins pmid:3763941
Wallace JL and Whittle BJ Profile of gastrointestinal damage induced by platelet-activating factor. 1986 Prostaglandins pmid:3763942
Bourgain RH et al. Thrombus induction by endogenic paf-acether and its inhibition by Ginkgo Biloba extracts in the guinea pig. 1986 Prostaglandins pmid:3763943
Guinot P et al. Inhibition of PAF-acether induced weal and flare reaction in man by a specific PAF antagonist. 1986 Prostaglandins pmid:3763944
Young JM et al. Pharmacological investigation of the mechanisms of platelet-activating factor induced mortality in the mouse. 1985 Prostaglandins pmid:4081060
Is there a case for PAF-acether antagonists? Institut Pasteur, Paris, 21 June 1985. Abstracts. 1985 Prostaglandins pmid:4081064
Slama H et al. Metabolism of arachidonic acid by caruncular and allantochorionic tissues in cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM). 1993 Prostaglandins pmid:8380936
Turner-Gomes SO et al. Effect of ambient oxygen changes on platelet activating factor production by fetal ovine endothelial cells. 1991 Prostaglandins pmid:1862226
Myers SI et al. Platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulates release of PGI2 from inflamed rabbit gallbladder cell cultures. 1995 Prostaglandins pmid:8588069
Armstrong RA et al. Mechanism of the inhibition of platelet aggregation produced by prostaglandin F2 alpha. 1985 Prostaglandins pmid:2988022
Archer CB et al. Synergistic interaction between prostaglandins and PAF-acether in experimental animals and man. 1984 Prostaglandins pmid:6203139
Braquet M et al. Leukocytic functions in burn-injured patients. 1985 Prostaglandins pmid:2989978
Fernandes AJ et al. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in the acute phase of antigen-induced arthritis in rabbits. 1991 Prostaglandins pmid:1801060
Hébert RL et al. Hemodynamic effects of PAF-acether on the dog kidney. 1987 Prostaglandins Leukot Med pmid:3033688
Otsuka A et al. Hypotensive mechanism of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (AGEPC) in dogs. Effects on hemodynamics and humoral factors. 1985 Prostaglandins Leukot Med pmid:3862138
Riedel A and Mest HJ The effect of PAF (platelet-activating factor) on experimental cardiac arrhythmias and its inhibition by substances influencing arachidonic acid metabolites. 1987 Prostaglandins Leukot Med pmid:3112804
Mehta J et al. Biphasic effects of platelet-activating factor on coronary blood flow in anesthetized dog. 1986 Prostaglandins Leukot Med pmid:3456620
Oh S et al. Inflammatory effects of acetylglycerylether phosphorylcholine: vascular permeability increase and induction of pleurisy in rats. 1986 Prostaglandins Leukot Med pmid:3459197
Acharya SB and MacIntyre DE Platelet products and vascular PGI2 production. 1983 Prostaglandins Leukot Med pmid:6338532
Hertelendy F and Zakár T Prostaglandins and the myometrium and cervix. 2004 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:14683694
Herron D et al. Inhibition of PAF-induced human platelet aggregation by antithrombotic nipecotomides. 1995 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7630919
Gáti I et al. Effects of the PAF-analog and -antagonist CV-6209 on cultured human glioma cell lines. 1991 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1886907
Norman SJ and Poyser NL The effects of platelet-activating factor on the output of prostaglandins from the guinea-pig uterus. 1992 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1492106
Taylor KE et al. Could platelet activating factor play a role in developmental dyslexia? 2001 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:11334553
Mózes T et al. Protective effect of diclofenac sodium against endotoxic shock in anaesthetized pigs. 1993 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8446657
Shindo K et al. Inhibitory effect of azelastine hydrochloride on synthesis and release of platelet activating factor from human alveolar macrophages. 1997 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:9431823
Akisu M et al. Selective head cooling with hypothermia suppresses the generation of platelet-activating factor in cerebrospinal fluid of newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia. 2003 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:12878450
Landgraf RG et al. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF selectively modulate lymphocyte subset and eosinophil infiltration into the airways in a murine model of asthma. 2007 Oct-Nov Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:17923399
Sugatani J et al. The role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers. 1991 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1808623
Cui S et al. L-NAME augments PAF-induced venoconstriction in isolated perfused livers of rat and guinea pig, but not mouse. 2007 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:17395449
Becker K et al. Influence of some prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogues on PAF-induced shock in mice. 1990 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1696744
Wang HG et al. Effect of platelet-activating factor on hepatic capillary pressure in isolated dog liver. 1997 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:9384519
Hardy P et al. New insights into the retinal circulation: inflammatory lipid mediators in ischemic retinopathy. 2005 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:15850712
Mentz P et al. Interactions of prostanoids with the platelet activating factors. 1992 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1279731
Richter M et al. Endothelin, PAF and thromboxane A2 in allergic pulmonary hyperreactivity in mice. 2007 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:17448648
Louis NA et al. Lipid mediator networks and leukocyte transmigration. 2005 Sep-Oct Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:15979294
Akisu M et al. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the generation of platelet-activating factor and leukotriene B4 in hypoxic-ischemic brain in young mice. 2002 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:12468264
de Lima WT et al. Studies on the mechanism of PAF-induced vasopermeability in rat lungs. 1995 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7784472
Hughes H et al. PAF formation by H2O2-stimulated perfused canine carotid arteries. 1994 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7846103
Albertini M and Clement MG In pigs, inhaled nitric oxide (NO) counterbalances PAF-induced pulmonary hypertension. 1994 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7846107
Hirata Y et al. Enhancement of thrombotic arterial occlusion following cholesterol feeding in the guinea-pig: a role for thromboxane A2. 1994 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7972270
Sakurai T et al. Pharmacological studies of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced augmentation of response to histamine in guinea-pigs. 1994 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7972272
Galli C et al. Modulation of lipid derived mediators by polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1993 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8424123
Tsunoda H et al. Involvement of leukotriene C4 in PAF-induced death in mice. 1990 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:2353029
Ichimaru T and Tai HH Alteration of platelet activating factor (PAF) metabolism in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages and plasma by cigarette smoking. 1992 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1461922
Becker K et al. PAF effects on eicosanoid release in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. 1995 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7480082
Evans RD et al. Platelet-activating factor and its metabolic effects. 1991 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1946557
Salamonsen LA Effect of platelet activating factor on prostaglandin release from ovine endometrial cells in culture. 1991 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1946564
Travis SP and Jewell DP The role of platelet-activating factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease. 1994 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8208748
Albertini M and Clement MG Inhaled nitric oxide reverses PAF-dependent bronchoconstriction in the pig. 1995 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7644558
Evangelou AM Platelet-activating factor (PAF): implications for coronary heart and vascular diseases. 1994 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8146205
Viossat I et al. Effects of platelet activating factor (PAF) and its receptor antagonist BN 52021 on isolated perfused guinea-pig heart. 1989 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:2622972
Shindo K and Fukumura M Azelastine hydrochloride inhibits platelet activating factor-like activity in human eosinophils. 1996 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8951989
González E et al. A novel enhancing effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on glucose oxidation in uteri from pregnant rats. Participation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. 1990 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:2399270
Peplow PV and Mikhailidis DP Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its relation to prostaglandins, leukotrienes and other aspects of arachidonate metabolism. 1990 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:2274568
Jeremy JY et al. Eicosanoids and septicaemia. 1994 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:7938078
Monthly prostaglandin bibliography prepared by the University of Sheffield Biomedical Information Service. 1995 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8577776
Berdeli A et al. Meconium enhances platelet-activating factor and tumor necrosis factor production by rat alveolar macrophages. 2004 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:15301793
Shindo K et al. Effect of azelastine hydrochloride on release and production of platelet activating factor in human neutrophils. 1997 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:9175174
Clement MG et al. PAF and the role of the vagus nerve in the breathing pattern of the pig. 1992 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:1561234
Saito M et al. Role of leukotrienes and platelet activating factor in allergic bronchoconstriction and their interactions in guinea pig airway in vivo. 1993 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8415807
Arribas I et al. Direct interactions between platelets and cultured rat mesangial cells. 1993 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8415809
Plante GE et al. Platelet activating factor antagonism with BN52021 protects the kidney against acute ischemic injury. 1988 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:3231663
Pédrono F et al. Natural 1-O-alkylglycerols reduce platelet-activating factor-induced release of [3H]-serotonin in rabbit platelets. 2004 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:15172680
Becker K et al. PAF-induced death in NMRI mice--a suitable shock model for testing new PAF receptor antagonists. Correlation with eicosanoid related substances. 1993 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:8385779
Wise H Activation of the prostaglandin EP4-receptor subtype is highly coupled to inhibition of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated rat neutrophil aggregation. 1998 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:9482170
Peplow PV Regulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) activity in human diseases by phospholipase A2 inhibitors, PAF acetylhydrolases, PAF receptor antagonists and free radical scavengers. 1999 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:10509861
Kikuchi M et al. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) increases NO production in human endothelial cells-real-time monitoring by DAR-4M AM. 2008 Apr-May Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:18502110
Shindo K and Fukumura M Oxatomide inhibits synthesis and release of platelet-activating factor in human neutrophils. 1998 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:9578146
Konger RL et al. Oxidized glycerophosphocholines as biologically active mediators for ultraviolet radiation-mediated effects. 2008 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:18555720
Tiemann U et al. Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-like activity, localization of PAF receptor (PAF-R) and PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activity in bovine endometrium at different stages of the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. 2001 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:11403499
Martin-Chouly CA et al. Modulation of PAF production by incorporation of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in phospholipids of human leukemic monocyte-like cells THP-1. 2000 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:10751643
Watanabe S et al. Suppression of platelet-activating factor generation and modulation of arachidonate metabolism by dietary enrichment with (n-9) eicosatrienoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid in mouse peritoneal cells. 2001 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:11534547
Beck-Speier I et al. Sulfur-related air pollutants induce the generation of platelet-activating factor, 5-lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-products in canine alveolar macrophages via activation of phospholipases A2. 2003 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:14518563
Ishiura Y et al. In vivo PAF-induced airway eosinophil accumulation reduces bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine. 2005 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:15789611
Shibata K et al. Mediation by platelet-activating factor of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced cytosolic free calcium concentration elevation in neutrophils. 2000 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:11060901
Hiran T et al. Evidence for the involvement of the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex in the optimal accumulation of Platelet-activating factor in the human cell line PLB-985. 2001 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:11785782
Cui S et al. Effects of platelet-activating factor, thromboxane A2 and leukotriene D4 on isolated perfused rat liver. 2006 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:16846785
Menezes-de-Lima O et al. Lipoxin A4 inhibits acute edema in mice: implications for the anti-edematogenic mechanism induced by aspirin. 2006 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:16939877
Shibamoto T et al. Involvement of platelet-activating factor and leukotrienes in anaphylactic segmental venoconstriction in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pig livers. 2005 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:16303618