Platelet activating factor

Platelet activating factor is a lipid of Glycerophospholipids (GP) class. Platelet activating factor is associated with abnormalities such as Atherosclerosis, Acute cholecystitis without calculus, Cholecystitis, Colitis and Cholecystitis, Acute. The involved functions are known as Cell Survival, Metabolic Inhibition, lipid oxidation, Apoptosis and Oxidation. Platelet activating factor often locates in soluble, Cellular Membrane, Smooth muscle (tissue), Intima and Tissue specimen. The associated genes with Platelet activating factor are apolipoprotein A-I Milano, Homologous Gene, TSPO gene, HBEGF gene and SLC33A1 gene. The related lipids are Hydroxycholesterols, Liposomes, 25-hydroxycholesterol, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lipopolysaccharides. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model and Transgenic Model.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of Platelet activating factor, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Platelet activating factor is suspected in Ischemia, Pleurisy, Atherosclerosis, Inflammatory disorder, Retinal Diseases, Diabetes and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Platelet activating factor

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Optic Nerve Injuries D020221 4 associated lipids
Asphyxia Neonatorum D001238 4 associated lipids
Hyperuricemia D033461 4 associated lipids
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia D001997 4 associated lipids
Viremia D014766 4 associated lipids
Osteonecrosis D010020 5 associated lipids
Colonic Diseases D003108 5 associated lipids
Shock, Cardiogenic D012770 5 associated lipids
Strongylida Infections D017206 5 associated lipids
Liver Failure D017093 5 associated lipids
Neoplastic Cells, Circulating D009360 5 associated lipids
Hepatitis, Alcoholic D006519 5 associated lipids
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis D014890 5 associated lipids
Spasm D013035 5 associated lipids
Blood Loss, Surgical D016063 6 associated lipids
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous D016773 6 associated lipids
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic D011697 6 associated lipids
Sneezing D012912 6 associated lipids
Thrombophilia D019851 6 associated lipids
Gliosis D005911 6 associated lipids
Heart Injuries D006335 6 associated lipids
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous D015433 6 associated lipids
Intestinal Obstruction D007415 6 associated lipids
Coronary Stenosis D023921 6 associated lipids
Xeroderma Pigmentosum D014983 6 associated lipids
Behcet Syndrome D001528 7 associated lipids
Infant, Premature, Diseases D007235 7 associated lipids
Mucositis D052016 7 associated lipids
Agranulocytosis D000380 7 associated lipids
Bronchiectasis D001987 7 associated lipids
Pneumococcal Infections D011008 7 associated lipids
Rheumatic Diseases D012216 7 associated lipids
Coronary Thrombosis D003328 7 associated lipids
Ear Diseases D004427 7 associated lipids
Pelvic Pain D017699 7 associated lipids
Postoperative Hemorrhage D019106 7 associated lipids
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal D006255 7 associated lipids
Klebsiella Infections D007710 7 associated lipids
Glomerulonephritis, IGA D005922 7 associated lipids
Conjunctivitis D003231 7 associated lipids
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation D004211 7 associated lipids
Aggressive Periodontitis D010520 8 associated lipids
Constriction, Pathologic D003251 8 associated lipids
Tangier Disease D013631 8 associated lipids
Thalassemia D013789 8 associated lipids
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans D001162 8 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Embryonal D018236 8 associated lipids
Cholecystitis D002764 8 associated lipids
Arthus Reaction D001183 8 associated lipids
Peripheral Vascular Diseases D016491 8 associated lipids
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 288

PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with Platelet activating factor

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What functions are associated with Platelet activating factor?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What genes are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'A cardioprotective role for platelet-activating factor through NOS-dependent S-nitrosylation.' (Leary PJ et al., 2008).

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'A regulatory role of LPCAT1 in the synthesis of inflammatory lipids, PAF and LPC, in the retina of diabetic mice.' (Cheng L et al., 2009).

Transgenic Model

Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Heterogeneity in the sn-1 carbon chain of platelet-activating factor glycerophospholipids determines pro- or anti-apoptotic signaling in primary neurons.' (Ryan SD et al., 2008).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with Platelet activating factor

Download all related citations
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 8526
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Shukla SD and Hanahan DJ An early transient decrease in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate upon stimulation of rabbit platelets with acetylglycerylether phosphorylcholine (platelet activating factor). 1983 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. pmid:6320731
Wasserman SI Mediators of immediate hypersensitivity. 1983 J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. pmid:6193157
MacIntyre DE and Pollock WK Platelet-activating factor stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover in human platelets. 1983 Biochem. J. pmid:6411067
Larsen GL and Henson PM Mediators of inflammation. 1983 Annu. Rev. Immunol. pmid:6399978
Albert DH and Snyder F Biosynthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet-activating factor) from 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by rat alveolar macrophages. Phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase activities during phagocytosis and ionophore stimulation. 1983 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6401298
König W et al. On the biological role of lipid chemotactic factors. 1983 Agents Actions Suppl. pmid:6404145
Ninio E et al. Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether). V. Enhancement of acetyltransferase activity in murine peritoneal cells by calcium ionophore A23187. 1983 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:6405792
Alam I et al. Human and rabbit platelets form platelet-activating factor in response to calcium ionophore. 1983 Thromb. Res. pmid:6407140
Ostermann G et al. Studies on the stimulation of human blood platelets by semi-synthetic platelet-activating factor. 1983 Thromb. Res. pmid:6408754
O'Flaherty JT et al. 5-L-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate potentiates the human neutrophil degranulating action of platelet-activating factor. 1983 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6403011
Drapier JC et al. Lipid-mediator synthesis in peritoneal macrophages from mice injected with immunostimulants. 1983 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:6131693
Otsuka A et al. alpha-Adrenergic blocking action of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in rats. 1983 Clin Exp Hypertens A pmid:6133661
Jouvin-Marche E et al. Effect of the Ca2+ antagonist nifedipine on the release of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether), slow-reacting substance and beta-glucuronidase from human neutrophils. 1983 Eur. J. Pharmacol. pmid:6134631
Hopkins NK et al. Evidence for mediation of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-(cyclic)monophosphate levels in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by leukotriene B4. 1983 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:6313071
Haddad ZH and Green A State--and dynamics--of the art: a current review. IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions: cellular events and pharmacologic mediators. 1983 J Asthma pmid:6190793
Mencia-Huerta JM et al. Antigen-initiated release of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) from mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells sensitized with monoclonal IgE. 1983 J. Immunol. pmid:6315819
Czarnetzki B Increased monocyte chemotaxis towards leukotriene B4 and platelet activating factor in patients with inflammatory dermatoses. 1983 Clin. Exp. Immunol. pmid:6317241
Stimler NP and O'Flaherty JT Spasmogenic properties of platelet-activating factor: evidence for a direct mechanism in the contractile response of pulmonary tissues. 1983 Am. J. Pathol. pmid:6624879
Hartung HP Acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (platelet-activating factor) mediates heightened metabolic activity in macrophages. Studies on PGE, TXB2 and O2- production, spreading, and the influence of calmodulin-inhibitor W-7. 1983 FEBS Lett. pmid:6309563
Swendsen CL et al. 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: a novel source of arachidonic acid in neutrophils stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187. 1983 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6407484
Bessin P et al. Acute circulatory collapse caused by platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) in dogs. 1983 Eur. J. Pharmacol. pmid:6687572
Korth R et al. 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines: influence on aggregation and [3H]serotonin release of human thrombocytes. 1983 Chem. Phys. Lipids pmid:6627525
Moschidis MC et al. Phosphono-platelet activating factor I. Synthesis of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-acetyl-glyceryl-3-(2-trimethyl ammonium-methyl) phosphonate and its platelet activating potency. 1983 Chem. Phys. Lipids pmid:6627527
Heffner JE et al. Acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine-stimulated human platelets cause pulmonary hypertension and edema in isolated rabbit lungs. Role of thromboxane A2. 1983 J. Clin. Invest. pmid:6822668
Vargaftig BB et al. Convulxin-induced activation of intact and of thrombin-degranulated rabbit platelets: specific crossed desensitisation with collagen. 1983 Eur. J. Pharmacol. pmid:6628537
Keraly CL et al. Effect of structural analogues of PAF-acether on platelet desensitization. 1983 Br. J. Haematol. pmid:6824590
Farr RS et al. Human serum acid-labile factor is an acylhydrolase that inactivates platelet-activating factor. 1983 Fed. Proc. pmid:6628702
Tence M et al. The enantiomer and the positional isomer of platelet-activating factor. 1983 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:6824744
Denjean A et al. Acute effects of intratracheal administration of platelet-activating factor in baboons. 1983 J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol pmid:6629917
Camussi G et al. Biosynthesis and release of platelet-activating factor from human monocytes. 1983 Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. pmid:6826235
Randolph AE et al. Blood pressure and heart rate effects of alkyl ether phospholipids in conscious renal, spontaneously hypertensive, and normotensive rats. 1983 Clin Exp Hypertens A pmid:6684006
Ogihara T et al. [Renomedullary hypotensive lipids and prostaglandins]. 1983 Horumon To Rinsho pmid:6368051
Hamasaki Y et al. [Effects of platelet activating factor (PAF:AGEPC) on airway and pulmonary vascular constriction of guinea pigs--with special reference to the relation with TXA2]. 1983 Kokyu To Junkan pmid:6658209
Björk J et al. Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) increases microvascular permeability and affects endothelium-granulocyte interaction in microvascular beds. 1983 Acta Physiol. Scand. pmid:6659994
Björk J and Smedegård G Acute microvascular effects of PAF-acether, as studied by intravital microscopy. 1983 Eur. J. Pharmacol. pmid:6662199
Yamashita M et al. The metabolism of platelet activating factor in platelets and plasma of various animals. 1983 J Toxicol Sci pmid:6663653
Masugi F et al. [Kidney medulla and hypertension, with special reference to antihypertensive lipids]. 1983 Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi pmid:6663856
Tanaka S et al. Studies on the hypotensive effects of platelet activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine) in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs. 1983 J. Pharmacobio-dyn. pmid:6668545
Saeki S et al. Hypotensive activity of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in rats with various types of hypertension. 1983 Med J Osaka Univ pmid:6669136
Mueller HW et al. Biosynthesis of platelet activating factor in rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils. 1983 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6406476
Lee TC et al. Stimulation of calcium uptake by 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet-activating factor) in rabbit platelets: possible involvement of the lipoxygenase pathway. 1983 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. pmid:6407399
Touqui L et al. Conversion of 3H-PAF acether by rabbit platelets is independent from aggregation: evidences for a novel metabolite. 1983 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6838557
Billah MM and Johnston JM Identification of phospholipid platelet-activating factor (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in human amniotic fluid and urine. 1983 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6407483
Worthen GS et al. Platelet-activating factor causes neutrophil accumulation and edema in rabbit lungs. 1983 Chest pmid:6839840
Heffner JE et al. Platelet-induced pulmonary hypertension and edema. A mechanism involving acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine and thromboxane A2. 1983 Chest pmid:6839854
Vargaftig BB Phospholipids, particularly platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether), in experimental bronchoconstriction. 1983 Agents Actions Suppl. pmid:6575594
Levy JV Calmodulin antagonist W-7 inhibits aggregation of human platelets induced by platelet activating factor. 1983 Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. pmid:6844347
Page CP et al. PAF-acether: a putative mediator of asthma and inflammation. 1983 Agents Actions Suppl. pmid:6575595
O'Flaherty JT et al. Platelet-activating factor and analogues: comparative studies with human neutrophils and rabbit platelets. 1983 Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. pmid:6844746
Valone FH and Goetzl EJ Specific binding by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes of the immunological mediator 1-O-hexadecyl/octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. 1983 Immunology pmid:6848449
Chilton FH et al. Metabolic fate of platelet-activating factor in neutrophils. 1983 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6853486
Stormorken H et al. A new bleeding disorder: lack of platelet aggregatory response to adrenaline and lack of secondary aggregation to ADP and platelet activating factor (PAF). 1983 Thromb. Res. pmid:6857589
Kloprogge E et al. Stimulus-response coupling in human platelets. Evidence against a role of PAF-acether in the "third pathway'. 1983 Thromb. Res. pmid:6857605
Chilton FH et al. Selective acylation of lyso platelet activating factor by arachidonate in human neutrophils. 1983 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6408071
Lecrubier C et al. Study of platelet aggregation induced by platelet activating factor (PAF) after administration of ticlopidine or aspirin. 1983 Agents Actions pmid:6858789
Hartung HP et al. Platelet activating factor (PAF) induces the oxidative burst in macrophages. 1983 Int. J. Immunopharmacol. pmid:6874164
Gonzalez-Crussi F and Hsueh W Experimental model of ischemic bowel necrosis. The role of platelet-activating factor and endotoxin. 1983 Am. J. Pathol. pmid:6859226
1st International Symposium on Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF-ACETHER, AGEPC) and structurally related ether-lipids. Paris (France) June 26-29, 1983. Abstracts. 1983 J Pharmacol pmid:6876807
Camussi G et al. Acute lung inflammation induced in the rabbit by local instillation of 1-0-octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine or of native platelet-activating factor. 1983 Am. J. Pathol. pmid:6859232
Cargill DI et al. Aggregation, release and desensitization induced in platelets from five species by platelet activating factor (PAF). 1983 Thromb. Haemost. pmid:6879508
Sánchez-Crespo M et al. Presence in normal human urine of a hypotensive and platelet-activating phospholipid. 1983 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:6859262
Lumb RH et al. Spontaneous and protein-catalyzed transfer of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet-activating factor) between phospholipid bilayers. 1983 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:6860678
Suquet CM and Leid RW Aggregation of equine platelets by PAF (platelet-activating factor). 1983 Inflammation pmid:6862593
Virella G et al. Release of PAF by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes stimulated by immune complexes bound to Sepharose particles and human erythrocytes. 1983 Immunology pmid:6885111
Blank ML and Snyder F Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for isolation of platelet-activating factor from other phospholipids. 1983 J. Chromatogr. pmid:6863454
Camussi G et al. Platelet-activating factor-mediated contraction of rabbit lung strips: pharmacologic modulation. 1983 Immunopharmacology pmid:6885382
Simrock R et al. [Reversible inhibition of thrombocyte stimulation by acetylsalicylic acid and its role in antithrombotic therapy]. 1983 Klin. Wochenschr. pmid:6865264
Hadváry P and Baumgartner HR Activation of human and rabbit blood platelets by synthetic structural analogs of platelet activating factor. 1983 Thromb. Res. pmid:6868019
Pieroni G and Hanahan DJ Metabolic behavior of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine on interaction with rabbit platelets. 1983 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. pmid:6870274
Hubbard JW et al. Antihypertensive effects of I-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine on plasma renin activity and catecholamine responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1983 Life Sci. pmid:6337313
Acharya SB and MacIntyre DE Platelet products and vascular PGI2 production. 1983 Prostaglandins Leukot Med pmid:6338532
Camussi G et al. Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on immune-complex-induced neutropenia. 1983 Immunology pmid:6339375
Billah MM and Lapetina EG Platelet-activating factor stimulates metabolism of phosphoinositides in horse platelets: possible relationship to Ca2+ mobilization during stimulation. 1983 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. pmid:6341992
Lapetina EG and Siegel FL Shape change induced in human platelets by platelet-activating factor. Correlation with the formation of phosphatidic acid and phosphorylation of a 40,000-dalton protein. 1983 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6345519
Camussi G et al. Inhibitory effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on neutropenia induced by intravenous injection of platelet-activating-factor (PAF) in the rabbit. 1983 Prostaglandins pmid:6346397
Iñarrea P et al. Platelet-activating factor: an effector substance of the vasopermeability changes induced by the infusion of immune aggregates in the mouse. 1983 Immunopharmacology pmid:6347969
Satouchi K [Platelet activating factor (PAF)--a new chemical mediator of inflammation]. 1983 Seikagaku pmid:6350499
McGowan EB and Detwiler TC Characterization of the thrombin-induced desensitization of platelet activation by thrombin. 1983 Thromb. Res. pmid:6356458
Weksler BB Platelets and the inflammatory response. 1983 Clin. Lab. Med. pmid:6360503
Machin SJ et al. Defective platelet aggregation to the calcium ionophore A23187 in a patient with a lifelong bleeding disorder. 1983 J. Clin. Pathol. pmid:6413552
Alam I et al. Metabolism of platelet-activating factor by blood platelets and plasma. 1983 Lipids pmid:6413803
Pinckard RN Platelet-activating factor. 1983 Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.) pmid:6414941
Camussi G et al. The release of platelet-activating factor from human endothelial cells in culture. 1983 J. Immunol. pmid:6415166
Bonnet J et al. Dependency of the Paf-acether induced bronchospasm on the lipoxygenase pathway in the guinea-pig. 1983 Prostaglandins pmid:6419289
Pazzi A et al. [Platelet activation in vivo. Electron microscopy study of a case of type II diabetes]. 1983 Mar-Apr G Clin Med pmid:6884636
Mojarad M et al. Platelet-activating factor increases pulmonary microvascular permeability and induces pulmonary edema. A preliminary report. 1983 May-Jun Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir pmid:6882949
Krishnamurthi S et al. Regulation of human platelet activation--analysis of cyclooxygenase and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways. 1984 Biochem. Pharmacol. pmid:6091666
Tokumura A et al. Contractile effect of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine on strips of isolated rat intestine. 1984 J. Pharm. Pharmacol. pmid:6144763
Pirotzky E et al. Release of platelet-activating factor, slow-reacting substance, and vasoactive amines from isolated rat kidneys. 1984 Kidney Int. pmid:6144811
Colditz IG and Movat HZ Desensitization of acute inflammatory lesions to chemotaxins and endotoxin. 1984 J. Immunol. pmid:6088633
Malpass TW et al. The effect of prostacyclin infusion on platelet hemostatic function in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. 1984 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. pmid:6231433
Lartigue-Mattei C et al. Pharmacokinetic study of 3H-labelled PAF-acether II. Comparison with 3H-labelled lyso-PAF-acether after intravenous administration in the rabbit and protein binding. 1984 Agents Actions pmid:6532184
Kulikov VI et al. [Incorporation of 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine into human plasma lipoproteins in vitro. Effect of the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity of plasma]. 1984 Biokhimiia pmid:6542803
Colditz IG and Movat HZ Kinetics of neutrophil accumulation in acute inflammatory lesions induced by chemotaxins and chemotaxinigens. 1984 J. Immunol. pmid:6470487
Patterson R et al. Airway responses to sequential challenges with platelet-activating factor and leukotriene D4 in rhesus monkeys. 1984 J. Lab. Clin. Med. pmid:6470563
Kasuya Y et al. Hypotensive actions of some analogues of platelet-activating factor (PAF) with higher potencies than natural PAF. 1984 Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. pmid:6733593
Page CP et al. Platelets and bronchospasm. 1984 Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. pmid:6735490
Nishihira J et al. Mass spectrometric evidence for the presence of platelet-activating factor (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in human amniotic fluid during labor. 1984 Lipids pmid:6527609
Lian EC et al. Purification and some properties of a protein obtained from normal human plasma which inhibits the platelet aggregation induced by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma. 1984 Thromb. Res. pmid:6420930
Billah MM and Siegel MI Calmodulin antagonists inhibit formation of platelet-activating factor in stimulated human neutrophils. 1984 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6422930