Platelet activating factor

Platelet activating factor is a lipid of Glycerophospholipids (GP) class. Platelet activating factor is associated with abnormalities such as Atherosclerosis, Acute cholecystitis without calculus, Cholecystitis, Colitis and Cholecystitis, Acute. The involved functions are known as Cell Survival, Metabolic Inhibition, lipid oxidation, Apoptosis and Oxidation. Platelet activating factor often locates in soluble, Cellular Membrane, Smooth muscle (tissue), Intima and Tissue specimen. The associated genes with Platelet activating factor are apolipoprotein A-I Milano, Homologous Gene, TSPO gene, HBEGF gene and SLC33A1 gene. The related lipids are Hydroxycholesterols, Liposomes, 25-hydroxycholesterol, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lipopolysaccharides. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model and Transgenic Model.

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Introduction

To understand associated biological information of Platelet activating factor, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Platelet activating factor is suspected in Ischemia, Pleurisy, Atherosclerosis, Inflammatory disorder, Retinal Diseases, Diabetes and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
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Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Platelet activating factor

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans D001162 8 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Embryonal D018236 8 associated lipids
Cholecystitis D002764 8 associated lipids
Thyroiditis, Autoimmune D013967 9 associated lipids
Leukopenia D007970 9 associated lipids
Salmonella Infections, Animal D012481 9 associated lipids
Immune Complex Diseases D007105 9 associated lipids
Staphylococcal Skin Infections D013207 9 associated lipids
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning D002249 9 associated lipids
Tachycardia, Ventricular D017180 9 associated lipids
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic D051436 9 associated lipids
Fetal Growth Retardation D005317 9 associated lipids
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections D018357 10 associated lipids
Pancreatitis D010195 10 associated lipids
Central Nervous System Diseases D002493 10 associated lipids
Gastroesophageal Reflux D005764 10 associated lipids
Rhinitis D012220 10 associated lipids
Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular D011249 11 associated lipids
Shock, Septic D012772 11 associated lipids
Venous Thrombosis D020246 11 associated lipids
Uveitis, Anterior D014606 11 associated lipids
Migraine Disorders D008881 11 associated lipids
Shock D012769 11 associated lipids
Meningioma D008579 11 associated lipids
Infertility, Male D007248 11 associated lipids
Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic D011250 11 associated lipids
Arterial Occlusive Diseases D001157 12 associated lipids
Death, Sudden D003645 12 associated lipids
Hepatitis C, Chronic D019698 12 associated lipids
Blood Platelet Disorders D001791 12 associated lipids
Amnesia D000647 12 associated lipids
Hypertension, Portal D006975 12 associated lipids
Duodenal Ulcer D004381 12 associated lipids
Fetal Weight D020567 12 associated lipids
Hypercalcemia D006934 13 associated lipids
Vitamin D Deficiency D014808 13 associated lipids
Multiple Sclerosis D009103 13 associated lipids
Heart Arrest D006323 13 associated lipids
Osteoarthritis, Knee D020370 13 associated lipids
Polycythemia Vera D011087 13 associated lipids
Hypersensitivity, Immediate D006969 14 associated lipids
Stomatitis D013280 14 associated lipids
Angina, Unstable D000789 14 associated lipids
Hemorrhage D006470 15 associated lipids
Staphylococcal Infections D013203 15 associated lipids
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult D012128 15 associated lipids
Neutropenia D009503 15 associated lipids
Thrombocytopenia D013921 15 associated lipids
Bronchial Hyperreactivity D016535 15 associated lipids
Encephalitis D004660 15 associated lipids
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PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with Platelet activating factor

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What functions are associated with Platelet activating factor?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What genes are associated with Platelet activating factor?

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Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'A cardioprotective role for platelet-activating factor through NOS-dependent S-nitrosylation.' (Leary PJ et al., 2008).

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'A regulatory role of LPCAT1 in the synthesis of inflammatory lipids, PAF and LPC, in the retina of diabetic mice.' (Cheng L et al., 2009).

Transgenic Model

Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Heterogeneity in the sn-1 carbon chain of platelet-activating factor glycerophospholipids determines pro- or anti-apoptotic signaling in primary neurons.' (Ryan SD et al., 2008).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with Platelet activating factor

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Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 8526
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Tan WC and Bethel RA The effect of platelet activating factor antagonist on ozone-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. 1992 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:1416419
Hamasaki Y et al. Platelet-activating factor raises airway and vascular pressures and induces edema in lungs perfused with platelet-free solution. 1984 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:6547031
Stengel PW et al. Inhaled A23187 produces a preferential sensitization to substance P. 1993 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:7678372
Smith LJ The role of platelet-activating factor in asthma. 1991 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2018248
Halonen M et al. Differential effects of platelet depletion on the physiologic alterations of IgE anaphylaxis and acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine infusion in the rabbit. 1981 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:7294504
Ohar JA et al. A rabbit model of pulmonary hypertension induced by the synthetic platelet-activating factor acetylglyceryl ether phosphorylcholine. 1990 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2297169
Oda M et al. The presence of platelet-activating factor associated with eosinophil and/or neutrophil accumulations in the pleural fluids. 1990 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2350088
Pretolani M et al. Active immunization induces lung hyperresponsiveness in the guinea pig. Pharmacologic modulation and triggering role of the booster injection. 1988 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3202509
Schellenberg RR Airway responses to platelet-activating factor. 1987 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:3310779
Page CP Mechanisms of hyperresponsiveness: platelet-activating factor. 1992 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:1734810
Halonen M et al. Respiratory and circulatory alterations induced by acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine, a mediator of IgE anaphylaxis in the rabbit. 1980 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:7458063
Watson JW et al. IgG1-mediated acute pulmonary hypersensitivity response in the guinea pig. Involvement of specific lipid mediators. 1990 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2240832
Tocker JE et al. Phospholipase A2-induced pulmonary and hemodynamic responses in the guinea pig. Effects of enzyme inhibitors and mediators antagonists. 1990 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2240843
Kidney JC et al. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor-induced bronchoconstriction by the leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist ICI 204,219. 1993 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:8420421
Kuitert LM et al. Effect of the platelet-activating factor antagonist UK-74,505 on the early and late response to allergen. 1993 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:8420437
Wardlaw AJ et al. Effects of inhaled PAF in humans on circulating and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils. Relationship to bronchoconstriction and changes in airway responsiveness. 1990 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2405759
Robertson DN et al. The effect of platelet-activating factor on histamine and muscarinic receptor function in guinea pig airways. 1988 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:2849329
Tam FW et al. Inhaled platelet-activating factor causes pulmonary neutrophil sequestration in normal humans. 1992 Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. pmid:1416388
Diez-Fraile A et al. Effect of proinflammatory mediators and glucocorticoids on L-selectin expression in peripheral blood neutrophils from dairy cows in various stages of lactation. 2004 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:15524330
McClenahan DJ et al. Role of platelet-activating factor in alveolar septal injury associated with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves. 2000 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:10714514
Kingston JK et al. Measurement of the activation of equine platelets by use of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody. 2002 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:11939312
Menzies-Gow NJ et al. Roles of thromboxane A2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine in endotoxin-induced digital vasoconstriction in horses. 2008 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:18241016
Kingston JK et al. Effects of formaldehyde fixation on equine platelets using flow cytometric methods to evaluate markers of platelet activation. 2002 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:12061530
Wilson DV et al. Histologic and ultrastructural changes after large-colon torsion, with and without use of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist (WEB 2086), in ponies. 1994 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8067617
Wilson DV et al. Cardiovascular responses to exogenous platelet-activating factor (PAF) in anesthetized ponies, and the effects of a PAF antagonist, WEB 2086. 1993 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8430938
Dodam JR et al. Effect of pertussis toxin and B-oligomer on platelet-activating factor-induced generation of inositol phosphates in porcine alveolar macrophages. 1996 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8712527
Weiss DJ and Evanson OA Detection of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses. 1997 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:9256963
Tsuchiya R et al. Role of platelet activating factor in development of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in dogs with endotoxemia. 1999 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:10048555
McClenahan DJ et al. In vitro evaluation of the role of platelet-activating factor and interleukin-8 in Mannheimia haemolytica-induced bovine pulmonary endothelial cell injury. 2002 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:11911574
Watanabe M et al. Characterization of platelet-activating factor-induced cutaneous edema and erythema in dogs. 2016 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:27580108
Lee EK and Kehrli ME Expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils of periparturient cows and neonatal calves. 1998 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:9442240
Wilson DV and Stick JA Effect of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist on cardiovascular and peripheral cellular responses to colonic ischemia and reperfusion in anesthetized ponies. 1993 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:8498751
Burgos RA et al. Determination of specific receptor sites for platelet activating factor in bovine neutrophils. 2004 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:15141884
Walz PH et al. Platelet function and association of bovine viral diarrhea virus with platelets of persistently infected cattle. 2005 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:16273905
LeBlanc CJ et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on in vivo production of inflammatory mediators in clinically normal dogs. 2008 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:18380580
Yan ZY et al. Platelet activating factor-induced changes in gastric motility and vascular resistance. 1992 Am. J. Surg. pmid:1346361
Soybel DI et al. Effects of platelet-activating factor on canine gastric mucosal blood flow and permeability to luminal acid. 1988 Am. J. Surg. pmid:3341532
Ono S et al. A clinical study on the significance of platelet-activating factor in the pathophysiology of septic disseminated intravascular coagulation in surgery. 1996 Am. J. Surg. pmid:8604832
Nagase T et al. Airway responsiveness in transgenic mice overexpressing platelet-activating factor receptor. Roles of thromboxanes and leukotrienes. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9372685
Larkin EK et al. New risk factors for adult-onset incident asthma. A nested case-control study of host antioxidant defense. 2015 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:25408961
Samapati R et al. Lung endothelial Ca2+ and permeability response to platelet-activating factor is mediated by acid sphingomyelinase and transient receptor potential classical 6. 2012 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:22246702
Masclans JR et al. Salbutamol reduces pulmonary neutrophil sequestration of platelet-activating factor in humans. 1996 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8756833
Maruoka S et al. PAF-induced RANTES production by human airway smooth muscle cells requires both p38 MAP kinase and Erk. 2000 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10712344
Spence DP et al. The effect of the orally active platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in the treatment of asthma. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8173754
Fukuyama S et al. Effect of eotaxin and platelet-activating factor on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs in vivo. 2000 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10852755
Pretolani M et al. Role of eosinophil activation in the bronchial reactivity of allergic guinea pigs. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8173756
Kafoury RM et al. Induction of inflammatory mediators in human airway epithelial cells by lipid ozonation products. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10588609
McBride DE et al. Inflammatory effects of ozone in the upper airways of subjects with asthma. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8173759
Göggel R et al. Platelet-activating factor-induced pulmonary edema is partly mediated by prostaglandin E(2), E-prostanoid 3-receptors, and potassium channels. 2002 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:12204861
Thorne JR and Broadley KJ Adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in conscious hyperresponsive and sensitized guinea pigs. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8306036
Lou YP et al. Platelet-activating factor induces goblet cell hyperplasia and mucin gene expression in airways. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9620929
Falk S et al. Quinolines attenuate PAF-induced pulmonary pressor responses and edema formation. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10556149
Nakos G et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage alterations in pulmonary embolism. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9817700
Kuitert LM et al. Effect of a novel potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, modipafant, in clinical asthma. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7735582
Mason GR et al. The effect of inhalation of platelet-activating factor on the pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA aerosol. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7735622
Félez MA et al. Inhaled platelet-activating factor worsens gas exchange in mild asthma. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8049817
Gómez FP et al. The effects of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by zileuton on platelet-activating-factor-induced pulmonary abnormalities in mild asthma. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9603138
Berger A et al. Dioleylphosphatidylglycerol inhibits the expression of type II phospholipase A2 in macrophages. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9927381
Roca J et al. Salbutamol inhibits pulmonary effects of platelet activating factor in man. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7767515
Ohar JA et al. Chronic platelet-activating factor induces a decrease in pulmonary vascular compliance, hydroxyproline, and loss of vascular matrix. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8004322
Shin MH et al. Nasal allergen challenge generates 1-0-hexadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8118633
Chen CR et al. Platelet-activating factor potentiates protamine-induced lung edema. Role of eicosanoids. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8111595
Lekka ME et al. The impact of intravenous fat emulsion administration in acute lung injury. 2004 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:14656749
Satoh N et al. Plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency in Japanese patients with asthma. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10051281
Henig NR et al. Effect of recombinant human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. 2000 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:10934081
Sulakvelidze I and McDonald DM Anti-edema action of formoterol in rat trachea does not depend on capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7509246
Nagase T et al. Airway hyperresponsiveness in transgenic mice overexpressing platelet activating factor receptor is mediated by an atropine-sensitive pathway. 2002 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:11790655
O'Connor BJ et al. Inhibitory effect of UK,74505, a potent and specific oral platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, on airway and systemic responses to inhaled PAF in humans. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:8025768
Evans DJ et al. Effects of a potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, SR27417A, on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9230719
Díaz O et al. Inhibition of PAF-induced gas exchange defects by beta-adrenergic agonists in mild asthma is not due to bronchodilation. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9230720
Triggiani M et al. Characterization of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in human bronchoalveolar lavage. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:9230731
Hozawa S et al. Effects of a PAF antagonist, Y-24180, on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7551370
Imai Y et al. Inflammatory chemical mediators during conventional ventilation and during high frequency oscillatory ventilation. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:7952613
Ishizuka S et al. Acid exposure stimulates the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cultured human airway epithelial cells: effects on platelet-activating factor receptor expression. 2001 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:11306440
Samet JM et al. Effect of ozone on platelet-activating factor production in phorbol-differentiated HL60 cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS S6), and primary human bronchial epithelial cells. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1419027
Longphre M et al. PAF-induced airways hyperreactivity is modulated by mast cells in mice. 1996 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8624251
Okada S et al. Migration of eosinophils through basement membrane components in vitro: role of matrix metalloproteinase-9. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9376127
Guilbert M et al. 5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid induces important eosinophil transmigration through basement membrane components: comparison of normal and asthmatic eosinophils. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:10385597
McNulty CA et al. Characterization of the integrin and activation steps mediating human eosinophil and neutrophil adhesion to chronically inflamed airway endothelium. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:10340944
Rieves RD et al. Airway epithelial cell mucin release: immunologic quantitation and response to platelet-activating factor. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1540379
Walker BA et al. Adenosine A3 receptor expression and function in eosinophils. 1997 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9160835
Henson PM PAF--a perspective. 1989 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:2696514
Liu L et al. Transmigration of human neutrophils across airway epithelial cell monolayers is preferentially in the physiologic basolateral-to-apical direction. 1996 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8969272
Larivée P et al. Platelet-activating factor induces airway mucin release via activation of protein kinase C: evidence for translocation of protein kinase C to membranes. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8049080
Kroegel C et al. Modulatory role of protein kinase C on the signal transduction pathway utilized by platelet-activating factor in eosinophil activation. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7946388
Powell WS et al. 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid is a potent stimulator of L-selectin shedding, surface expression of CD11b, actin polymerization, and calcium mobilization in human eosinophils. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9870930
Chase PB et al. Cloning of a human platelet-activating factor receptor gene: evidence for an intron in the 5'-untranslated region. 1993 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8383507
Erger RA and Casale TB Comparative studies indicate that platelet-activating factor is a relatively weak eosinophilotactic mediator. 1995 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7811471
Zoratti EM et al. Platelet-activating factor primes human eosinophil generation of superoxide. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1309421
Kondo M et al. Effect of platelet-activating factor on intracellular free calcium in cow tracheal epithelium. 1994 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:8117446
Neeley SP et al. Selective regulation of expression of surface adhesion molecules Mac-1, L-selectin, and VLA-4 on human eosinophils and neutrophils. 1993 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:7686761
Wu T et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates eicosanoid production in cultured human nasal mucosa. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1311593
Dent G et al. Protein kinase C inhibition enhances platelet-activating factor-induced eicosanoid production in human eosinophils. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9448055
Adler KB et al. Platelet-activating factor provokes release of mucin-like glycoproteins from guinea pig respiratory epithelial cells via a lipoxygenase-dependent mechanism. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1316134
Elstad MR et al. Protein kinase C regulates the synthesis of platelet-activating factor by human monocytes. 1991 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1846746
Delong P et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of the prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 gene causes thromboxane-dependent pulmonary hypertension in rabbits. 1999 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:10030848
Kikuchi I et al. Eosinophil trans-basement membrane migration induced by interleukin-8 and neutrophils. 2006 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:16456187
Yukawa T et al. The effects of activated eosinophils and neutrophils on guinea pig airway epithelium in vitro. 1990 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:2322467
Casale TB et al. Degree of neutrophil chemotaxis is dependent upon the chemoattractant and barrier. 1992 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:1320901
Miotla JM et al. Platelet-activating factor plays a pivotal role in the induction of experimental lung injury. 1998 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:9476906