Platelet activating factor

Platelet activating factor is a lipid of Glycerophospholipids (GP) class. Platelet activating factor is associated with abnormalities such as Atherosclerosis, Acute cholecystitis without calculus, Cholecystitis, Colitis and Cholecystitis, Acute. The involved functions are known as Cell Survival, Metabolic Inhibition, lipid oxidation, Apoptosis and Oxidation. Platelet activating factor often locates in soluble, Cellular Membrane, Smooth muscle (tissue), Intima and Tissue specimen. The associated genes with Platelet activating factor are apolipoprotein A-I Milano, Homologous Gene, TSPO gene, HBEGF gene and SLC33A1 gene. The related lipids are Hydroxycholesterols, Liposomes, 25-hydroxycholesterol, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lipopolysaccharides. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model and Transgenic Model.

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Introduction

To understand associated biological information of Platelet activating factor, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Platelet activating factor is suspected in Ischemia, Pleurisy, Atherosclerosis, Inflammatory disorder, Retinal Diseases, Diabetes and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
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Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Platelet activating factor

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Shock, Cardiogenic D012770 5 associated lipids
Shock D012769 11 associated lipids
Seizures D012640 87 associated lipids
Scleroderma, Systemic D012595 16 associated lipids
Osteosarcoma D012516 50 associated lipids
Salmonella Infections, Animal D012481 9 associated lipids
Rhinitis D012220 10 associated lipids
Rheumatic Diseases D012216 7 associated lipids
Respiratory Hypersensitivity D012130 18 associated lipids
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult D012128 15 associated lipids
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic D011697 6 associated lipids
Pulmonary Fibrosis D011658 24 associated lipids
Pulmonary Edema D011654 23 associated lipids
Psoriasis D011565 47 associated lipids
Pseudomonas Infections D011552 25 associated lipids
Proteinuria D011507 30 associated lipids
Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic D011250 11 associated lipids
Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular D011249 11 associated lipids
Polycythemia Vera D011087 13 associated lipids
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal D011018 3 associated lipids
Pneumococcal Infections D011008 7 associated lipids
Pleurisy D010998 20 associated lipids
Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency D010981 3 associated lipids
Peritonitis D010538 38 associated lipids
Aggressive Periodontitis D010520 8 associated lipids
Parkinson Disease D010300 53 associated lipids
Pancreatitis D010195 10 associated lipids
Pancreatic Neoplasms D010190 77 associated lipids
Pain D010146 64 associated lipids
Osteonecrosis D010020 5 associated lipids
Neutropenia D009503 15 associated lipids
Neurologic Manifestations D009461 1 associated lipids
Neuroblastoma D009447 66 associated lipids
Neuralgia D009437 28 associated lipids
Nervous System Diseases D009422 37 associated lipids
Nerve Degeneration D009410 53 associated lipids
Neovascularization, Pathologic D009389 39 associated lipids
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal D009373 4 associated lipids
Neoplastic Cells, Circulating D009360 5 associated lipids
Nasal Polyps D009298 26 associated lipids
Multiple Trauma D009104 2 associated lipids
Multiple Sclerosis D009103 13 associated lipids
Mouth, Edentulous D009066 1 associated lipids
Migraine Disorders D008881 11 associated lipids
Metabolism, Inborn Errors D008661 46 associated lipids
Meningioma D008579 11 associated lipids
Memory Disorders D008569 33 associated lipids
Melanoma D008545 69 associated lipids
Medulloblastoma D008527 22 associated lipids
Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental D008325 67 associated lipids
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PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with Platelet activating factor

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What functions are associated with Platelet activating factor?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What genes are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with Platelet activating factor?

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'A cardioprotective role for platelet-activating factor through NOS-dependent S-nitrosylation.' (Leary PJ et al., 2008).

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'A regulatory role of LPCAT1 in the synthesis of inflammatory lipids, PAF and LPC, in the retina of diabetic mice.' (Cheng L et al., 2009).

Transgenic Model

Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Heterogeneity in the sn-1 carbon chain of platelet-activating factor glycerophospholipids determines pro- or anti-apoptotic signaling in primary neurons.' (Ryan SD et al., 2008).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with Platelet activating factor

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Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 8526
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Senn N and Garay RP Regulation of Na+ and K+ contents in rat thymocytes. 1989 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2546433
Rioux KP and Wallace JL Mast cell activation augments gastric mucosal injury through a leukotriene-dependent mechanism. 1994 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8203531
Whittle BJ et al. Microvascular actions of platelet-activating factor on rat gastric mucosa and submucosa. 1986 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:3789144
Khoury J and Langleben D Platelet-activating factor stimulates lung pericyte growth in vitro. 1996 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8780000
Suematsu M et al. In vivo visualization of oxidative changes in microvessels during neutrophil activation. 1993 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8096123
McGowan HM et al. Increased aortic PGI2 and plasma lyso-PAF in the unclipped one-kidney hypertensive rat. 1986 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:3538908
Olson NC et al. Role of platelet-activating factor and eicosanoids during endotoxin-induced lung injury in pigs. 1990 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2163217
Bosch RJ et al. Effects of parathyroid hormone-related protein on human mesangial cells in culture. 1999 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:10600786
Sirén AL and Feuerstein G Effects of PAF and BN 52021 on cardiac function and regional blood flow in conscious rats. 1989 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2546449
Kubes P et al. Leukocyte-induced vascular protein leakage in cat mesentery. 1991 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:1684268
Findlay SR et al. Contraction of guinea pig ileal smooth muscle by acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine. 1981 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:7282914
Harris NR and Granger DN Mechanisms underlying enhanced capillary filtration induced by platelet-activating factor. 1996 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8769743
Reinhardt PH et al. Monosodium urate crystals promote neutrophil adhesion via a CD18-independent and selectin-independent mechanism. 1996 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8772427
Halonen M et al. Anatomic basis for species differences in peripheral lung strip contraction to PAF. 1990 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2382734
Sun XM et al. Role of leukocyte beta 2-integrin in PAF-induced shock and intestinal injury. 1996 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8772517
Neuwirth R et al. Extra- and intracellular metabolism of platelet-activating factor by cultured mesangial cells. 1989 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2705543
Badr KF et al. Glomerular responses to platelet-activating factor in the rat: role of thromboxane A2. 1989 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2912165
Kvietys PR et al. Ethanol enhances leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in mesenteric venules. 1990 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2221068
Kalra VK et al. Hypoxia induces PECAM-1 phosphorylation and transendothelial migration of monocytes. 1996 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8945922
Kelly KJ et al. An oral platelet-activating factor antagonist, Ro-24-4736, protects the rat kidney from ischemic injury. 1996 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8946001
Esplugues JV and Whittle BJ Mechanisms contributing to gastric motility changes induced by PAF-acether and endotoxin in rats. 1989 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2919672
Bonventre JV et al. PAF and PDGF increase cytosolic [Ca2+] and phospholipase activity in mesangial cells. 1988 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:3337246
Church DJ et al. Calcium influx in platelet activating factor-induced atrial natriuretic peptide release in rat cardiomyocytes. 1994 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8166260
Hanglow AC et al. Effects of platelet-activating factor on ion transport in isolated rat jejunum. 1989 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2597284
Bradley LM et al. Circulatory effects of PAF-acether in newborn piglets. 1989 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2912183
Snyder F Platelet-activating factor and related acetylated lipids as potent biologically active cellular mediators. 1990 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2240190
Kubes P et al. Modulation of PAF-induced leukocyte adherence and increased microvascular permeability. 1990 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:2240225
Duque I et al. Effects of reactive oxygen species on cultured rat mesangial cells and isolated rat glomeruli. 1992 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:1415575
Johnson A et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha primes pulmonary hemodynamic response to N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine. 1991 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:1656789
Chami O et al. Components of a platelet-activating factor-signaling loop are assembled in the ovine endometrium late in the estrous cycle. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. pmid:15271646
Cheng L et al. A regulatory role of LPCAT1 in the synthesis of inflammatory lipids, PAF and LPC, in the retina of diabetic mice. 2009 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. pmid:19773578
Parkman HP et al. The contractile action of platelet-activating factor on gallbladder smooth muscle. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:10898747
Ma J et al. ATP: a mediator for HCl-induced TRPV1 activation in esophageal mucosa. 2011 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:21960521
Guarino MP et al. PAF-like lipids- and PAF-induced gallbladder muscle contraction is mediated by different pathways in guinea pigs. 2003 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:12936911
Si J et al. STAT5 mediates PAF-induced NADPH oxidase NOX5-S expression in Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:17947454
Cheng L et al. Platelet-activating factor and prostaglandin E2 impair esophageal ACh release in experimental esophagitis. 2005 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:15890711
Wang GD et al. Platelet-activating factor in the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig small intestine. 2006 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:17030900
Claud EC et al. Platelet-activating factor-induced chloride channel activation is associated with intracellular acidosis and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:18339705
Liu SX et al. Platelet-activating factor induces the processing of nuclear factor-kappaB p105 into p50, which mediates acute bowel injury in mice. 2009 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:19460845
Lu J et al. Platelet-activating factor-induced apoptosis is blocked by Bcl-2 in rat intestinal epithelial cells. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:14512286
Rozenfeld RA et al. Role of gut flora on intestinal group II phospholipase A2 activity and intestinal injury in shock. 2001 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:11557516
Cheng L et al. HCl-activated neural and epithelial vanilloid receptors (TRPV1) in cat esophageal mucosa. 2009 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:19389802
Lautenschläger I et al. A model of the isolated perfused rat small intestine. 2010 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:19910525
Lu J et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids block platelet-activating factor-induced phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt-mediated apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:18356536
Ma J et al. Signaling in TRPV1-induced platelet activating factor (PAF) in human esophageal epithelial cells. 2010 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:19959817
Han XB et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 mediates the bowel injury induced by platelet-activating factor. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:15319184
Rieder F et al. Inflammatory mediators in gastroesophageal reflux disease: impact on esophageal motility, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. 2010 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:20299604
Oktar BK et al. Endothelin-1-induced PMN infiltration and mucosal dysfunction in the rat small intestine. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. pmid:10960346
Sánchez FA et al. Internalization of eNOS via caveolae regulates PAF-induced inflammatory hyperpermeability to macromolecules. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:18708444
Zhou X and He P Temporal and spatial correlation of platelet-activating factor-induced increases in endothelial [Ca²⁺]i, nitric oxide, and gap formation in intact venules. 2011 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:21873500
Ajiro Y et al. Platelet-activating factor stimulates sodium-hydrogen exchange in ventricular myocytes. 2011 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:21949111
Curry FE et al. Thrombin increases permeability only in venules exposed to inflammatory conditions. 2003 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:12893636
Zhu L and He P Platelet-activating factor increases endothelial [Ca2+]i and NO production in individually perfused intact microvessels. 2005 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:15665052
Barbuti A et al. Block of the background K(+) channel TASK-1 contributes to arrhythmogenic effects of platelet-activating factor. 2002 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:12003807
Mayer K et al. Omega-3 fatty acids suppress monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells: role of endothelial PAF generation. 2002 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:12124231
Finnegan EM et al. Small-molecule cyclic alpha V beta 3 antagonists inhibit sickle red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium and vasoocclusion. 2007 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:17483236
Owaki T et al. Endothelial cells potentiate phagocytic killing by macrophages via platelet-activating factor release. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:10644608
Zhou W et al. Platelet-activating factor induces ovine fetal pulmonary venous smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. 2007 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:17322418
Adamson RH et al. Epac/Rap1 pathway regulates microvascular hyperpermeability induced by PAF in rat mesentery. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:18178724
He P et al. Leukocyte-platelet aggregate adhesion and vascular permeability in intact microvessels: role of activated endothelial cells. 2006 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:16517944
Ibe BO et al. Platelet-activating factor receptors in lamb lungs are downregulated immediately after birth. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:10749711
Haynes J and Obiako B Activated polymorphonuclear cells increase sickle red blood cell retention in lung: role of phospholipids. 2002 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:11748055
Shigematsu S et al. Bradykinin-induced proinflammatory signaling mechanisms. 2002 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:12388246
Leary PJ et al. A cardioprotective role for platelet-activating factor through NOS-dependent S-nitrosylation. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:18441203
Minnear FL et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate prevents platelet-activating factor-induced increase in hydraulic conductivity in rat mesenteric venules: pertussis toxin sensitive. 2005 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:15778280
Thom SR et al. Roles for platelet-activating factor and *NO-derived oxidants causing neutrophil adherence after CO poisoning. 2001 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:11454599
Juchem G et al. Regulation of coronary venular barrier function by blood borne inflammatory mediators and pharmacological tools: insights from novel microvascular wall models. 2012 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:22081707
Penna C et al. Platelet-activating factor induces cardioprotection in isolated rat heart akin to ischemic preconditioning: role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase C activation. 2005 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:15637120
Sánchez FA et al. Functional significance of differential eNOS translocation. 2006 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:16679407
Adamson RH et al. PAF- and bradykinin-induced hyperpermeability of rat venules is independent of actin-myosin contraction. 2003 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:12649070
Zhu L et al. Internalization of caveolin-1 scaffolding domain facilitated by Antennapedia homeodomain attenuates PAF-induced increase in microvessel permeability. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:12946927
Guequén A et al. S-nitrosylation regulates VE-cadherin phosphorylation and internalization in microvascular permeability. 2016 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:26921435
Jiang Y et al. Three-dimensional localization and quantification of PAF-induced gap formation in intact venular microvessels. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:18515648
Lee YM et al. Platelet-activating factor contributes to acute lung leak in rats given interleukin-1 intratracheally. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:10893205
Sharma J et al. Lung endothelial cell platelet-activating factor production and inflammatory cell adherence are increased in response to cigarette smoke component exposure. 2012 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:21984569
Bixby CE et al. Role of platelet-activating factor in pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with chronic high altitude hypoxia in ovine fetal lambs. 2007 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:17951313
Grimminger F et al. PAF-induced synthesis of tetraenoic and pentaenoic leukotrienes in the isolated rabbit lung. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:10666110
Tavakoli S et al. Prostaglandin E(2)-induced interleukin-6 release by a human airway epithelial cell line. 2001 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:11133502
Kwan ML et al. Airway vasculature after mycoplasma infection: chronic leakiness and selective hypersensitivity to substance P. 2001 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:11159008
Rastogi P et al. Tryptase activates calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and releases PGE2 in airway epithelial cells. 2008 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:18790994
Komori M et al. PAF mediates cigarette smoke-induced goblet cell metaplasia in guinea pig airways. 2001 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:11159026
Rose F et al. E. coli hemolysin-induced lipid mediator metabolism in alveolar macrophages: impact of eicosapentaenoic acid. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:10893208
Koyama S et al. The potential of various lipopolysaccharides to release IL-8 and G-CSF. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:10749742
Blanchet MR et al. Dimethyphenylpiperazinium, a nicotinic receptor agonist, downregulates inflammation in monocytes/macrophages through PI3K and PLC chronic activation. 2006 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:16782754
Martin C et al. Pressor responses to platelet-activating factor and thromboxane are mediated by Rho-kinase. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. pmid:15064228
Bouayad A et al. Developmental regulation of prostaglandin E2 synthase in porcine ductus arteriosus. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. pmid:14715488
Alloatti G et al. Role of NO and PAF in the impairment of skeletal muscle contractility induced by TNF-alpha. 2000 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. pmid:11080081
Ivanov AI et al. Albumin is not an irreplaceable carrier for amphipathic mediators of thermoregulatory responses to LPS: compensatory role of alpha1-acid glycoprotein. 2005 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. pmid:15576666
Hou X et al. Increased platelet-activating factor-induced periventricular brain microvascular constriction associated with immaturity. 2003 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. pmid:12626359
Reeves SR and Gozal D Platelet-activating factor receptor modulates respiratory adaptation to long-term intermittent hypoxia in mice. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. pmid:15087283
Handa RK et al. Platelet-activating factor and solute transport processes in the kidney. 2003 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. pmid:12529272
Meyer MC et al. Potential role for mast cell tryptase in recruitment of inflammatory cells to endothelium. 2005 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:16079184
McHowat J et al. Platelet-activating factor and metastasis: calcium-independent phospholipase A2β deficiency protects against breast cancer metastasis to the lung. 2011 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:21228317
Dinubile MJ Plasma gelsolin: in search of its raison d'etre. Focus on "Modifications of cellular responses to lysophosphatidic acid and platelet-activating factor by plasma gelsolin". 2007 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:17428843
Eckels PC et al. Amantadine inhibits platelet-activating factor induced clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human neutrophils. 2009 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:19295175
Fazal N et al. PAF receptor antagonist modulates neutrophil responses with thermal injury in vivo. 2001 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:11546669
Osborn TM et al. Modifications of cellular responses to lysophosphatidic acid and platelet-activating factor by plasma gelsolin. 2007 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:17135294
Hermle T et al. Decreased cation channel activity and blunted channel-dependent eryptosis in neonatal erythrocytes. 2006 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:16723509
Meyer MC et al. Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 is regulated by a novel protein kinase C in human coronary artery endothelial cells. 2005 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:15643055
Kaul DK et al. Peptides based on alphaV-binding domains of erythrocyte ICAM-4 inhibit sickle red cell-endothelial interactions and vaso-occlusion in the microcirculation. 2006 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:16738001