clarithromycin

clarithromycin is a lipid of Polyketides (PK) class. Clarithromycin is associated with abnormalities such as Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Infection, Coinfection, Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer. The involved functions are known as Point Mutation, Increased Sensitivy, Bacterial resistance, urease activity and Mutation. Clarithromycin often locates in Blood, Gastric mucosa, Biopsy sample, Respiratory System and Entire gastrointestinal tract. The associated genes with clarithromycin are Genes, rRNA, rRNA Operon, Genome, HM13 gene and GDF15 gene. The related lipids are 9,11-linoleic acid, Steroids, Lysophosphatidylcholines, Lipopolysaccharides and 4-hydroxycholesterol. The related experimental models are Mouse Model, Knock-out and Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis.

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Introduction

To understand associated biological information of clarithromycin, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with clarithromycin?

clarithromycin is suspected in Infection, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Pneumonia, Respiratory Tract Infections, PARKINSON DISEASE, LATE-ONSET, Community acquired pneumonia and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
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Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with clarithromycin

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections D016905 16 associated lipids
Angiomatosis, Bacillary D016917 2 associated lipids
Meningitis, Bacterial D016920 6 associated lipids
Common Variable Immunodeficiency D017074 4 associated lipids
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections D017088 9 associated lipids
IgA Deficiency D017098 2 associated lipids
Liver Failure, Acute D017114 11 associated lipids
Skin Diseases, Bacterial D017192 8 associated lipids
Dermatitis, Phototoxic D017484 4 associated lipids
Pityriasis Rosea D017515 3 associated lipids
Cutaneous Fistula D017577 1 associated lipids
Kleine-Levin Syndrome D017593 1 associated lipids
Periodontal Attachment Loss D017622 7 associated lipids
Soft Tissue Injuries D017695 2 associated lipids
Community-Acquired Infections D017714 8 associated lipids
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis D017726 2 associated lipids
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant D018088 6 associated lipids
Cardiovascular Abnormalities D018376 2 associated lipids
Pneumonia, Bacterial D018410 16 associated lipids
Soft Tissue Infections D018461 2 associated lipids
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left D018487 33 associated lipids
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia D018549 3 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung D018827 22 associated lipids
Gingival Overgrowth D019214 7 associated lipids
Tooth, Nonvital D019553 2 associated lipids
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency D019896 3 associated lipids
Genetic Predisposition to Disease D020022 24 associated lipids
Neurotoxicity Syndromes D020258 34 associated lipids
Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections D020808 3 associated lipids
Epilepsy, Partial, Motor D020938 1 associated lipids
Chlamydophila Infections D023521 4 associated lipids
Desulfovibrionaceae Infections D045824 5 associated lipids
Renal Insufficiency D051437 8 associated lipids
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome D054019 1 associated lipids
Buruli Ulcer D054312 1 associated lipids
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis D054908 1 associated lipids
Leprosy, Paucibacillary D056005 2 associated lipids
Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis D056824 1 associated lipids
Acute Kidney Injury D058186 34 associated lipids
Plaque, Atherosclerotic D058226 7 associated lipids
Sacroiliitis D058566 1 associated lipids
Chlamydial Pneumonia D061387 2 associated lipids
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PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with clarithromycin

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with clarithromycin?

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Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What functions are associated with clarithromycin?


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Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with clarithromycin?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What genes are associated with clarithromycin?

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Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with clarithromycin?

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'Inflammation provoked by Mycoplasma pneumoniae extract: implications for combination treatment with clarithromycin and dexamethasone.' (Hirao S et al., 2011), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Tolerance and pharmacokinetic interactions of rifabutin and clarithromycin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected volunteers.' (Hafner R et al., 1998), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Clarithromycin attenuates mastectomy-induced acute inflammatory response.' (Chow LW et al., 2000) and Mouse Model are used in the study 'In vitro and in vivo influence of adjunct clarithromycin on the treatment of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa.' (Bui KQ et al., 2000).

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'Intrinsic macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis is conferred by a novel erm gene, erm(38).' (Nash KA, 2003).

Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis

Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis are used in the study 'Failure of treatment for chronic Mycobacterium abscessus meningitis despite adequate clarithromycin levels in cerebrospinal fluid.' (Maniu CV et al., 2001).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with clarithromycin

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Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Grunden JW and Fisher KA Lovastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis possibly associated with clarithromycin and azithromycin. 1997 Jul-Aug Ann Pharmacother pmid:9220046
Mikasa K et al. Significant survival benefit to patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer from treatment with clarithromycin. 1997 Jul-Aug Chemotherapy pmid:9209786
Nawarskas JJ et al. Digoxin toxicity secondary to clarithromycin therapy. 1997 Jul-Aug Ann Pharmacother pmid:9220047
al-Humayyd MS Pharmacokinetic interactions between erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin and phenytoin in the rat. 1997 Mar-Apr Chemotherapy pmid:9084915
Svoboda P et al. Pantoprazole-based dual and triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized controlled trial. 1997 May-Jun Hepatogastroenterology pmid:9222709
Best LM et al. Helicobacter pylori: primary susceptibility to clarithromycin in vitro in Nova Scotia. 1997 May-Jun Can. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9218854
O'Brien B et al. Cost effectiveness of alternative Helicobacter pylori eradication strategies in the management of duodenal ulcer. 1997 May-Jun Can. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9218858
Guerriero SE et al. Two cases of clarithromycin-induced digoxin toxicity. 1997 Sep-Oct Pharmacotherapy pmid:9324195
Anzueto A et al. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis: interim analysis. Bronchitis Study Group. 1997 Sep-Oct Clin Ther pmid:9385486
Al-Sibai MB et al. Ocular penetration of oral clarithromycin in humans. 1998 J Ocul Pharmacol Ther pmid:9867340
Wallace RJ and Brown BA Catheter sepsis due to Mycobacterium chelonae. 1998 J. Clin. Microbiol. pmid:9867491
Shafran SD et al. Does in vitro susceptibility to rifabutin and ethambutol predict the response to treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia with rifabutin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin? Canadian HIV Trials Network Protocol 010 Study Group. 1998 Clin. Infect. Dis. pmid:9868650
van Westrhenen R et al. Pneumonia and glomerulonephritis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 1998 Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. pmid:9870493
Waddell ST et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of O-methyl derivatives of azalide antibiotics: II. 6-OME derivatives via clarithromycin. 1998 Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. pmid:9871759
Lee CL et al. One-week low-dose triple therapy is effective in treating Helicobacter pylori-infected patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. 1998 J. Formos. Med. Assoc. pmid:9872028
Abouesh A and Hobbs WR Clarithromycin-induced mania. 1998 Am J Psychiatry pmid:9812131
Pipkin GA et al. Review article: one-week clarithromycin triple therapy regimens for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9768524
Louw JA et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication and ulcer healing with daily lansoprazole, plus 1 or 2 weeks co-therapy with amoxycillin and clarithromycin. 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9768531
Gikas A et al. In vitro susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to trovafloxacin in comparison with susceptibilities to pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9756789
Sackoff J et al. Prophylaxis for opportunistic infections among HIV-infected patients receiving medical care. 1998 J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. pmid:9833748
Laine L et al. Low rate of emergence of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori with amoxycillin co-therapy. 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9768532
Debets-Ossenkopp YJ et al. Explaining the bias in the 23S rRNA gene mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9756790
Mukunda BN et al. Clarithromycin therapy for bacillary peliosis did not prevent bacillary angiomatosis. 1998 Clin. Infect. Dis. pmid:9770180
Hogan PA and Sheehan DJ Macrolide susceptibility and beta-lactamase production among haemophilus influenzae isolates in the United States, 1996-1997. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9835536
Stack WA et al. Safety and efficacy of rabeprazole in combination with four antibiotic regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with chronic gastritis with or without peptic ulceration. 1998 Am. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9772054
Adamek RJ and Bethke TD Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection and healing of duodenal ulcer: comparison of pantoprazole-based one-week modified triple therapy versus two-week dual therapy. The International Pantoprazole HP Study Group. 1998 Am. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9772056
Stolte M et al. Cure of autoimmune gastritis by Helicobacter pylori eradication in a 21-year-old male. 1998 Z Gastroenterol pmid:9773482
Hawkey CJ et al. Randomised controlled trial of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: HELP NSAIDs study. Helicobacter Eradication for Lesion Prevention. 1998 Lancet pmid:9759744
Mégraud F and Doermann HP Clinical relevance of resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori: a review of current data. 1998 Gut pmid:9764043
Heald AE et al. Taste and smell complaints in HIV-infected patients. 1998 AIDS pmid:9764787
Perri F et al. Relationship between the results of pre-treatment urea breath test and efficacy of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. 1998 Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol pmid:9675647
Talley NJ et al. Nizatidine in combination with amoxycillin and clarithromycin in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9678811
Lygren I et al. [Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection]. 1998 Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. pmid:9889634
Einarson A et al. A prospective controlled multicentre study of clarithromycin in pregnancy. 1998 Am J Perinatol pmid:9890248
Abe M et al. A case of diffuse panbronchiolitis effectively treated with low-dose macrolide antibiotics and leukotriene D4/E4 receptor antagonist. 1998 Respir Med pmid:9893782
Warheker PT et al. Successful treatment of saccular endophthalmitis with clarithromycin. 1998 Eye (Lond) pmid:10326009
Pozzato P et al. Ranitidine bismuth citrate plus clarithromycin 7-day regimen is effective in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer. 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9663724
Bocheńska-Marciniak M et al. [Clinical efficacy and safety of spiramycin and clarithromycin in the treatment of outpatients with lower respiratory tract infections]. 1998 Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. pmid:10335027
Griffith DE Mycobacteria as pathogens of respiratory infection. 1998 Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. pmid:9779380
Casswall TH et al. One-week treatment with omeprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. 1998 J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. pmid:9779970
Aberg JA et al. Eradication of AIDS-related disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection after 12 months of antimycobacterial therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy. 1998 J. Infect. Dis. pmid:9780266
González Carro P et al. [Efficacy of an ultrashort protocol in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori]. 1998 Rev Esp Enferm Dig pmid:9780793
Berry V et al. Bacteriological efficacies of three macrolides compared with those of amoxicillin-clavulanate against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9835514
Gangadharam PR Clarithromycin for non-mycobacterial diseases? 1998 Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. pmid:9783536
Shafran SD et al. Determinants of rifabutin-associated uveitis in patients treated with rifabutin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia: a multivariate analysis. Canadian HIV Trials Network Protocol 010 Study Group. 1998 J. Infect. Dis. pmid:9419201
Butt AA Cervical adenitis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 1998 Am. J. Med. Sci. pmid:9427575
van Aarem A et al. Recurrent therapy resistant mastoiditis by Mycobacterium cheilonae abscessus, a nontuberculous mycobacterium. 1998 Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. pmid:9596371
Trevisani L et al. A four-day low dose triple therapy regimen for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. 1998 Am. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9517646
O'Connor HJ et al. Lansoprazole triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori--is 5 days enough? 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9570262
Scott BB Bismuth-containing single-antibiotic 1-week triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9570263
Jarboe E et al. Evaluation of a disk diffusion method for determining susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium complex to clarithromycin. 1998 Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. pmid:9572027
Treiber G et al. Amoxicillin/metronidazole/omeprazole/clarithromycin: a new, short quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. 1998 Helicobacter pmid:9546119
Suzuki J et al. Assessment of a new triple agent regimen for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the nature of H. pylori resistance to this therapy in Japan. 1998 Helicobacter pmid:9546120
Lindsetmo RO et al. Lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin triple therapy in vagotomized patients with dyspeptic complaints. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study without pretreatment diagnostic upper endoscopy. 1998 Scand. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9548613
Comet R et al. [Seven-day omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin for the therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection]. 1998 Gastroenterol Hepatol pmid:9549183
Carnicer J [Helicobacter pylori infection and recurrent abdominal pain in children. A proved relationship?]. 1998 Gastroenterol Hepatol pmid:9549199
Iwata M et al. [Three cases of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome detected in the early stage by abdominal ultrasonography]. 1998 Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi pmid:9549331
Champney WS and Burdine R Macrolide antibiotic inhibition of translation and 50S ribosomal subunit assembly in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cells. 1998 Microb. Drug Resist. pmid:9818968
Murata H et al. Evaluation of the PyloriTek test for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in cases with and without eradication therapy. 1998 Am. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9820380
Laine L et al. Twice-daily, 10-day triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer disease: results of three multicenter, double-blind, United States trials. 1998 Am. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9820381
Kaeser YA et al. Severe hypotension and bradycardia associated with verapamil and clarithromycin. 1998 Am J Health Syst Pharm pmid:9825040
Hua J et al. Characterization of clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori in Singapore. 1998 Microbios pmid:9785486
Clark CL et al. Antipneumococcal activities of levofloxacin and clarithromycin as determined by agar dilution, microdilution, E-test, and disk diffusion methodologies. 1998 J. Clin. Microbiol. pmid:9817876
Yano S et al. [Significance of therapeutic efficacy of clarithromycin in a model for human lung cancer metastasis and a mouse tumor system]. 1998 Jpn J Antibiot pmid:9597491
Björkholm B et al. Rapid PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori-associated virulence and resistance genes directly from gastric biopsy material. 1998 J. Clin. Microbiol. pmid:9817898
Sasa K et al. [Antineoplastic therapeutic effect of clarithromycin in rats]. 1998 Jpn J Antibiot pmid:9597492
Arimori K et al. Characteristic difference in gastrointestinal excretion of clarithromycin and roxithromycin. 1998 Biopharm Drug Dispos pmid:9818709
Cirioni O et al. In-vitro activity of lytic peptides alone and in combination with macrolides and inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase against Pneumocystis carinii. 1998 J. Antimicrob. Chemother. pmid:9818742
Miyamoto N et al. [Test to set dosages for long-term administration of clarithromycin to treat chronic paranasal sinusitis]. 1998 Jpn J Antibiot pmid:9597498
Fujita K et al. [Neutrophil count and IL-8 level of nasal secretion of patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis and the effects of macrolide antibiotics]. 1998 Jpn J Antibiot pmid:9597505
Pontani D et al. Susceptibility of European respiratory tract isolates to trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and ampicillin. 1998 Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. pmid:9758284
Scheen AJ [Drug clinics. The drug of the month. Ranitidine bismuth citrate (Pylorid)]. 1998 Rev Med Liege pmid:9555183
Cheng KL et al. Effect of grapefruit juice on clarithromycin pharmacokinetics. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9559810
Goujard C et al. Clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium avium strain in a clarithromycin-naive AIDS patient. 1998 Clin. Infect. Dis. pmid:9455532
Williamson R et al. New options in Helicobacter pylori eradication: efficacy, resistance and synergy. 1998 Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. pmid:9515751
Bardhan KD et al. Ranitidine bismuth citrate with clarithromycin given twice daily effectively eradicates Helicobacter pylori and heals duodenal ulcers. 1998 Am. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9517644
Adamek RJ et al. Primary and acquired Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin--influence on treatment outcome. 1998 Am. J. Gastroenterol. pmid:9517645
Hafner R et al. Tolerance and pharmacokinetic interactions of rifabutin and clarithromycin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected volunteers. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9517944
Fattorini L et al. Activities of isoniazid alone and in combination with other drugs against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9517960
Trivedi S et al. Clarithromycin and digoxin toxicity. 1998 Ann. Intern. Med. pmid:9518419
Laine L and Fendrick AM Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Bridging the gap between knowledge and treatment. 1998 Postgrad Med pmid:9519040
Carr RA et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of clarithromycin and loratadine after individual or concomitant administration. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9593146
Lacy MK et al. Comparison of bactericidal activity after multidose administration of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and ceruroxime axetil against Streptococcus pneumoniae. 1998 Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents pmid:9916901
Sörberg M et al. Risk of development of in vitro resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9593154
Fera MT et al. Bactericidal activity of lansoprazole and three macrolides against Helicobacter pylori strains tested by the time-kill kinetic method. 1998 Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents pmid:9916902
Roussel G and Igual J Clarithromycin with minocycline and clofazimine for Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex lung disease in patients without the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. GETIM. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement des Infections à Mycobactéries. 1998 Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. pmid:9626603
Archimandritis A et al. Clostridium difficile colitis associated with a 'triple' regimen, containing clarithromycin and metronidazole, to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. 1998 J. Intern. Med. pmid:9627163
Petersen AM et al. [Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithomycin]. 1998 Ugeskr. Laeg. pmid:9627511
Domingo D et al. High frequency of mutations at position 2144 of the 23S rRNA gene in clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in Spain. 1998 J. Antimicrob. Chemother. pmid:9630414
Fireman Z et al. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease therapies: a survey of gastroenterologists in Israel. 1998 Helicobacter pmid:9631306
Battaglia G et al. Optimal PPI-based triple therapy for the cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: a single center comparison of four 14-day schedules. 1998 Helicobacter pmid:9631310
Ward TT et al. Randomized, open-label trial of azithromycin plus ethambutol vs. clarithromycin plus ethambutol as therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Veterans Affairs HIV Research Consortium. 1998 Clin. Infect. Dis. pmid:9827282
Ellenrieder V et al. Influence of clarithromycin dosage on pantoprazole combined triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. 1998 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9701524
Burman WJ et al. AIDS-related Mycobacterium kansasii infection with initial resistance to clarithromycin. 1998 Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. pmid:9635911
Nordt SP et al. Clarithromycin induced digoxin toxicity. 1998 J Accid Emerg Med pmid:9639187
Gray VS Syncopal episodes associated with cisapride and concurrent drugs. 1998 Ann Pharmacother pmid:9640482
Grove DI et al. Comparison of culture, histopathology and urease testing for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis and susceptibility to amoxycillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and tetracycline. 1998 Pathology pmid:9643503
Greenblatt DJ et al. Inhibition of triazolam clearance by macrolide antimicrobial agents: in vitro correlates and dynamic consequences. 1998 Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:9757151
Makhani S et al. Atypical cervico-facial mycobacterial infections in childhood. 1998 Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg pmid:9643597
Piccolomini R et al. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal in vitro activities of clarithromycin and erythromycin against periodontopathic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. 1998 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. pmid:9797240