propionic acid

propionic acid is a lipid of Fatty Acyls (FA) class. Propionic acid is associated with abnormalities such as Epilepsy, Infection, Tuberculosis, Alkalosis and Ischemia. The involved functions are known as Uptake, Biosynthetic Pathways, Methylation, Protein Overexpression and Biochemical Pathway. Propionic acid often locates in Body tissue, Cytoplasmic matrix, Membrane, Protoplasm and Extracellular. The associated genes with propionic acid are TRIO gene, TRRAP gene, SLC5A8 gene, SLC33A1 gene and Homologous Gene. The related lipids are Fatty Acids, Propionate, butyrate, Valerates and mycocerosic acid.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of propionic acid, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with propionic acid?

propionic acid is suspected in Propionic acidemia, Ischemia, Infection, Ulcerative Colitis, Alkalosis, Methylmalonic acidemia and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with propionic acid

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Hemolysis D006461 131 associated lipids
Colitis, Ulcerative D003093 24 associated lipids
Stomach Ulcer D013276 75 associated lipids
Sarcoma, Experimental D012513 13 associated lipids
Adenocarcinoma D000230 166 associated lipids
Dermatitis, Contact D003877 59 associated lipids
Dermatitis, Occupational D009783 12 associated lipids
Bacterial Infections D001424 21 associated lipids
Pain D010146 64 associated lipids
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic D008180 43 associated lipids
Kidney Neoplasms D007680 29 associated lipids
Colitis D003092 69 associated lipids
Colonic Neoplasms D003110 161 associated lipids
Dental Caries D003731 6 associated lipids
Cattle Diseases D002418 24 associated lipids
Body Weight D001835 333 associated lipids
Edema D004487 152 associated lipids
Stomach Neoplasms D013274 24 associated lipids
Arthritis D001168 41 associated lipids
Abscess D000038 13 associated lipids
Heart Failure D006333 36 associated lipids
Angioedema D000799 6 associated lipids
Coronary Disease D003327 70 associated lipids
Acne Vulgaris D000152 35 associated lipids
Osteolysis D010014 8 associated lipids
Pain, Postoperative D010149 13 associated lipids
Occupational Diseases D009784 42 associated lipids
Asthma D001249 52 associated lipids
Growth Disorders D006130 5 associated lipids
Weight Gain D015430 101 associated lipids
Brain Diseases D001927 27 associated lipids
Acidosis D000138 13 associated lipids
Glioma D005910 112 associated lipids
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic D002471 126 associated lipids
Metabolism, Inborn Errors D008661 46 associated lipids
Peritonitis D010538 38 associated lipids
Proteinuria D011507 30 associated lipids
Hyperplasia D006965 34 associated lipids
Leukemia D007938 74 associated lipids
Liver Cirrhosis D008103 67 associated lipids
Anemia, Sickle Cell D000755 34 associated lipids
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors D000592 16 associated lipids
Olfaction Disorders D000857 17 associated lipids
Hemoglobinopathies D006453 7 associated lipids
Phenylketonurias D010661 7 associated lipids
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous D004761 8 associated lipids
Vaginitis D014627 6 associated lipids
Propionic Acidemia D056693 3 associated lipids
Fetal Weight D020567 12 associated lipids
Starvation D013217 47 associated lipids
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II D006938 22 associated lipids
Leukemia, Myeloid D007951 52 associated lipids
Ischemia D007511 18 associated lipids
Glycosuria D006029 10 associated lipids
Seizures D012640 87 associated lipids
Nerve Degeneration D009410 53 associated lipids
Cystic Fibrosis D003550 65 associated lipids
Hypertension D006973 115 associated lipids
Periodontitis D010518 22 associated lipids
Testicular Neoplasms D013736 5 associated lipids
Leukemia, Experimental D007942 42 associated lipids
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell D015451 25 associated lipids
Galactosemias D005693 5 associated lipids
Erythema D004890 22 associated lipids
Ventricular Fibrillation D014693 16 associated lipids
Hyperlipidemias D006949 73 associated lipids
Vitamin E Deficiency D014811 29 associated lipids
Cardiomegaly D006332 31 associated lipids
Burkitt Lymphoma D002051 15 associated lipids
Rickets D012279 6 associated lipids
Arthritis, Juvenile D001171 8 associated lipids
Malabsorption Syndromes D008286 16 associated lipids
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage D006471 27 associated lipids
Uveitis D014605 14 associated lipids
Reye Syndrome D012202 14 associated lipids
Poultry Diseases D011201 21 associated lipids
Hyperinsulinism D006946 27 associated lipids
Farmer's Lung D005203 2 associated lipids
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome D013262 3 associated lipids
Blind Loop Syndrome D001765 3 associated lipids
Coccidiosis D003048 3 associated lipids
Salmonella Infections, Animal D012481 9 associated lipids
Dysmenorrhea D004412 9 associated lipids
Drug Eruptions D003875 30 associated lipids
Campylobacter Infections D002169 13 associated lipids
Genetic Predisposition to Disease D020022 24 associated lipids
Atherosclerosis D050197 85 associated lipids
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections D016908 3 associated lipids
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive D020181 9 associated lipids
Hepatoblastoma D018197 10 associated lipids
Cecal Diseases D002429 3 associated lipids
Foot-and-Mouth Disease D005536 1 associated lipids
Puerperal Disorders D011644 4 associated lipids
Candidiasis, Oral D002180 11 associated lipids
Stomatitis D013280 14 associated lipids
Tinea D014005 5 associated lipids
Gingival Diseases D005882 1 associated lipids
Bursitis D002062 3 associated lipids
Tendinopathy D052256 3 associated lipids
Tooth, Impacted D014095 9 associated lipids
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 142

PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with propionic acid

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with propionic acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What functions are associated with propionic acid?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with propionic acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What genes are associated with propionic acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with propionic acid?

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with propionic acid

Download all related citations
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 6372
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Borin M and Siffert W Stimulation by thrombin increases the cytosolic free Na+ concentration in human platelets. Studies with the novel fluorescent cytosolic Na+ indicator sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate. 1990 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:2174043
Amaral DM et al. Metabolism of propionate, glucose, and carbon dioxide as affected by exogenous glucose in dairy cows at energy equilibrium. 1990 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:2114427
Morand C et al. Non-hormonal and hormonal control of glycogen metabolism in isolated sheep liver cells. 1990 Int. J. Biochem. pmid:2126248
Eulenberger K et al. [Metaphylaxis of puerperal disorders in cattle]. 1990 DTW. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. pmid:2245774
Lamhonwah AM et al. Two distinct mutations at the same site in the PCCB gene in propionic acidemia. 1990 Genomics pmid:2249848
Butler RN et al. Pyruvate sparing by butyrate and propionate in proliferating colonic epithelium. 1990 Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B pmid:2253488
Hinton M Antibacterial activity of short-chain organic acids. 1990 Vet. Rec. pmid:2336782
Poulos A et al. Defective oxidation of pristanic acid by fibroblasts from patients with disorders in propionic acid metabolism. 1990 Clin. Genet. pmid:2311265
Weder AB et al. Platelet volume responses to cytoplasmic acidification in essential hypertension. 1990 J. Hypertens. pmid:1962803
Cherrington CA et al. Short-chain organic acids at ph 5.0 kill Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. without causing membrane perturbation. 1991 J. Appl. Bacteriol. pmid:1902205
Nakai A et al. Pathophysiologic study on methylmalonic aciduria: decrease in liver high-energy phosphate after propionate loading in rats. 1991 Pediatr. Res. pmid:1679919
Davies SE et al. Carnitine therapy and metabolism in the disorders of propionyl-CoA metabolism studied using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 1991 Clin. Chim. Acta pmid:1819469
Levrat MA et al. High propionic acid fermentations and mineral accumulation in the cecum of rats adapted to different levels of inulin. 1991 J. Nutr. pmid:1941180
Ziprin RL et al. Colonization control of lactose-fermenting Salmonella typhimurium in young broiler chickens by use of dietary lactose. 1991 Am. J. Vet. Res. pmid:1883086
Clayson DB et al. Early indicators of potential neoplasia produced in the rat forestomach by non-genotoxic agents: the importance of induced cellular proliferation. 1991 Mutat. Res. pmid:2046688
Fonteriz RI et al. The role of intracellular acidification in calcium mobilization in human neutrophils. 1991 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:2049405
Dawson DA Additive incidence of developmental malformation for Xenopus embryos exposed to a mixture of ten aliphatic carboxylic acids. 1991 Teratology pmid:1771595
Coude MM et al. Organic acids in aqueous humour and plasma: post mortem study in infants and diagnosis of enzymopathies. 1991 J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. pmid:1779612
Yoshino M et al. Erythematous skin lesions and partial deficiency of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase in peripheral lymphocytes in a patient with propionic acidaemia. 1991 J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. pmid:1779636
Barredo MS and Evison LM Effect of propionate toxicity on methanogen-enriched sludge, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and Methanospirillum hungatii at different pH values. 1991 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. pmid:1872605
Faulkner A and Pollock HT Effect of lactation on gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in ovine hepatocytes. 1991 Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B pmid:1873985
Harrison PT et al. Early changes in the forestomach of rats, mice and hamsters exposed to dietary propionic and butyric acid. 1991 Food Chem. Toxicol. pmid:1874463
Nutting CW et al. Vasorelaxant effects of short chain fatty acid salts in rat caudal artery. 1991 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:1877681
Kamoun PP and Chadefaux B Eleventh week amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of some metabolic diseases. 1991 Prenat. Diagn. pmid:1788175
Sumegi B et al. Is there tight channelling in the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolon? 1991 Biochem. Soc. Trans. pmid:1794455
Kleiner U et al. [Laboratory studies of Salmonella decontamination in bone meal using propionic acid]. 1991 Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed pmid:1750967
Emery DG et al. Contributions of sodium and chloride to ultrastructural damage after dendrotomy. 1991 Exp Brain Res pmid:1756799
Henly DC and Berry MN Relationship between the stimulation of citric acid cycle oxidation and the stimulation of fatty acid esterification and inhibition of ketogenesis by lactate in isolated rat hepatocytes. 1991 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:1828700
Grotenhuis JT et al. Bacteriological composition and structure of granular sludge adapted to different substrates. 1991 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. pmid:1892385
Rajagopalan R and Altekar W Products of non-reductive CO2 assimilation in the halophilic archaebacterium Haloferax mediterranei. 1991 Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. pmid:1676015
Byck S and Rosenblatt DS Metabolic cooperation among cell lines from patients with inborn errors of vitamin B12 metabolism: differential response of cblC and cblD. 1991 Clin Invest Med pmid:1676355
Kavanagh K et al. Enhanced intraspecific protoplast fusion in yeast. 1991 FEMS Microbiol. Lett. pmid:1916226
Weder AB et al. Effects of lovastatin treatment on red blood cell and platelet cation transport. 1991 Hypertension pmid:1991653
Todesco T et al. Propionate lowers blood glucose and alters lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. 1991 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:1951157
Barshop BA et al. Metabolism of 1-13C-propionate in vivo in patients with disorders of propionate metabolism. 1991 Pediatr. Res. pmid:1909779
Dutra JC et al. Effects of methylmalonate and propionate on uptake of glucose and ketone bodies in vitro by brain of developing rats. 1991 Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. pmid:2015109
Vorobjeva LI et al. Antimutagenicity of propionic acid bacteria. 1991 Mutat. Res. pmid:1720873
Ho AK et al. Intracellular pH on adrenergic-stimulated cAMP and cGMP production in rat pinealocytes. 1991 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:1656768
Cherrington CA et al. Inhibition of Escherichia coli K12 by short-chain organic acids: lack of evidence for induction of the SOS response. 1991 J. Appl. Bacteriol. pmid:2019550
Harding BN et al. Propionic acidaemia: a neuropathological study of two patients presenting in infancy. 1991 Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. pmid:1857488
Ferrando R [Comparative physiology: saturated fatty acids and cholesterolemia in ruminants]. 1991 Jun-Jul Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. pmid:1742626
Krahenbuhl S and Brass EP Inhibition of hepatic propionyl-CoA synthetase activity by organic acids. Reversal of propionate inhibition of pyruvate metabolism. 1991 Mar 15-Apr 1 Biochem. Pharmacol. pmid:2009071
Raisuddin S and Misra JK Aflatoxin in betel nut and its control by use of food preservatives. 1991 Nov-Dec Food Addit Contam pmid:1812017
Wehling M et al. The early mineralocorticoid effector mechanism, the sodium-proton exchanger, is sensitized in lymphocytes from patients with Cushing's syndrome. 1992 Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) pmid:1330384
Ho AK et al. Intracellular pH on protein kinase C and ionomycin potentiation of isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP production in rat pinealocytes. 1992 J. Neurochem. pmid:1331328
Thomas AW et al. Environmentally directed mutations in the dehalogenase system of Pseudomonas putida strain PP3. 1992 Arch. Microbiol. pmid:1332636
Le Ruyet P et al. Influence of dietary fiber and buffer value index on the ruminal milieu of lactating dairy cows. 1992 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:1333496
Tucker WB et al. Sodium bicarbonate or multielement buffer via diet or rumen: effects on performance and acid-base status of lactating cows. 1992 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:1333497
Lapierre L et al. Lithium chloride-sodium propionate agar for the enumeration of bifidobacteria in fermented dairy products. 1992 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:1317893
Brunkhorst BA et al. Propionate induces polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and inhibits formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated activation. 1992 Infect. Immun. pmid:1319407
Bödeker D and Martens H Elevated urinary excretion of orotic acid in sheep caused by intraruminal infusion of sodium propionate. 1992 Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B pmid:1617933
Kalloghlian A et al. A patient with propionic acidemia managed with continuous insulin infusion and total parenteral nutrition. 1992 J. Child Neurol. pmid:1588020
Harrison PT Propionic acid and the phenomenon of rodent forestomach tumorigenesis: a review. 1992 Food Chem. Toxicol. pmid:1628870
Benjamin IJ et al. Induction of stress proteins in cultured myogenic cells. Molecular signals for the activation of heat shock transcription factor during ischemia. 1992 J. Clin. Invest. pmid:1569208
Deitmer JW Evidence for glial control of extracellular pH in the leech central nervous system. 1992 Glia pmid:1531809
Adjiri D et al. [In vitro simulation of rabbit cecal fermentation in a semi- continuous flow fermentor. I. Role of food substrate pretreatment]. 1992 Reprod. Nutr. Dev. pmid:1418397
Gidenne T and Bellier R [In vivo study of cecal fermentation activity in the rabbit. Completion and validation of a new technique for cecal cannulation]. 1992 Reprod. Nutr. Dev. pmid:1418398
Yasugi T et al. Formic acid excretion in comparison with methanol excretion in urine of workers occupationally exposed to methanol. 1992 Int Arch Occup Environ Health pmid:1487329
Ackermans MT et al. Determination of propionate in bread using capillary zone electrophoresis. 1992 J. Chromatogr. pmid:1487528
Sumegi B et al. Regulatory consequences of organization of citric acid cycle enzymes. 1992 Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. pmid:1499336
Van Bosterhaut B et al. Three cases of opportunistic infection caused by propionic acid producing Corynebacterium minutissimum. 1992 Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. pmid:1396773
Finch L and Frederick CB Rate and route of oxidation of acrylic acid to carbon dioxide in rat liver. 1992 Fundam Appl Toxicol pmid:1426707
Sklan D et al. Fatty acids, calcium soaps of fatty acids, and cottonseeds fed to high yielding cows. 1992 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:1452851
Tung RS et al. In vitro effects of the thiopeptide A10255 on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. 1992 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:1452854
Duncan G et al. Evidence for a Na(+)-Cl(-)-H(+)-HCO3- exchange system in the mammalian lens. 1992 Exp. Eye Res. pmid:1521584
Van Calcar SC et al. Case reports of successful pregnancy in women with maple syrup urine disease and propionic acidemia. 1992 Am. J. Med. Genet. pmid:1481826
Chow JC and Jesse BW Interactions between gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in isolated sheep hepatocytes. 1992 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:1401366
Holtug K et al. Effects of propionate on the acid microclimate of hen (Gallus domesticus) colonic mucosa. 1992 Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Comp. Physiol. pmid:1361891
Wilkemeyer M et al. Propionate metabolism in cultured human cells after overexpression of recombinant methylmalonyl CoA mutase: implications for somatic gene therapy. 1992 Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. pmid:1363155
Strobel HJ Vitamin B12-dependent propionate production by the ruminal bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23. 1992 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. pmid:1637169
Ogawa K et al. Volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, and pH in the stools of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. 1992 J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. pmid:1432461
Gamet L et al. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on growth and differentiation of the human colon-cancer cell line HT29. 1992 Int. J. Cancer pmid:1521915
Shoemaker JD et al. Misidentification of propionic acid as ethylene glycol in a patient with methylmalonic acidemia. 1992 J. Pediatr. pmid:1538288
Friedel D and Levine GM Effect of short-chain fatty acids on colonic function and structure. 1992 Jan-Feb JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr pmid:1738211
Scheppach W et al. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on the human colonic mucosa in vitro. 1992 Jan-Feb JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr pmid:1738218
Buazzi MM and Marth EH Sites of action by propionate on Listeria monocytogenes. 1992 Jan-Feb Int. J. Food Microbiol. pmid:1622747
McHan F and Shotts EB Effect of feeding selected short-chain fatty acids on the in vivo attachment of Salmonella typhimurium in chick ceca. 1992 Jan-Mar Avian Dis. pmid:1567301
Gessler NN et al. [Effect of propionate pathway metabolites on the oxidative activity of liver mitochondria under normal conditions and in vitamin B12 deficiency]. 1992 Jul-Aug Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. pmid:1528821
al-Hilli AL and Smith JE Influence of propionic acid on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in liquid submerged and solid substrate conditions. 1992 Mar-Apr J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. pmid:1573566
Panfili G et al. Effect of some food preservatives on aflatoxin production. 1992 Sep-Oct Food Addit Contam pmid:1298645
Surtees RA et al. Neurologic outcome of propionic acidemia. 1992 Sep-Oct Pediatr. Neurol. pmid:1418175
Winter SM et al. Identification and comparison of the urinary metabolites of [1,2,3-13C3]acrylic acid and [1,2,3-13C3]propionic acid in the rat by homonuclear 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 1992 Sep-Oct Drug Metab. Dispos. pmid:1358570
Evans CT et al. [13C]propionate oxidation in wild-type and citrate synthase mutant Escherichia coli: evidence for multiple pathways of propionate utilization. 1993 Biochem. J. pmid:8098211
Schmidt H and Zerbst-Boroffka I Recovery after anaerobic metabolism in the leech (Hirudo medicinalis L.). 1993 J. Comp. Physiol. B, Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. pmid:8151016
Rowe WA et al. Propionate activates multiple ion transport mechanisms in the HT29-18-C1 human colon cell line. 1993 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:8214077
Minkler PE and Hoppel CL Quantification of free carnitine, individual short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines, and total carnitine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. 1993 Anal. Biochem. pmid:8214594
Karuri AR et al. Selective cellular acidification and toxicity of weak organic acids in an acidic microenvironment. 1993 Br. J. Cancer pmid:8260358
Stark AH and Madar Z In vitro production of short-chain fatty acids by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber compared with effects of those fibers on hepatic sterol synthesis in rats. 1993 J. Nutr. pmid:8263612
Katsura K et al. Buffer capacity of rat cortical tissue as well as of cultured neurons and astrocytes. 1993 Brain Res. pmid:8374759
Salvador V et al. Sugar composition of dietary fibre and short-chain fatty acid production during in vitro fermentation by human bacteria. 1993 Br. J. Nutr. pmid:8399101
Farningham DA and Whyte CC The role of propionate and acetate in the control of food intake in sheep. 1993 Br. J. Nutr. pmid:8399117
Werlin SL E. coli sepsis as a presenting sign in neonatal propionic acidemia. 1993 Am. J. Med. Genet. pmid:8357022
Stankovics J and Ledley FD Cloning of functional alpha propionyl CoA carboxylase and correction of enzyme deficiency in pccA fibroblasts. 1993 Am. J. Hum. Genet. pmid:8434582
Sommer A et al. Influence of Avotan on the microflora and concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumen. 1993 Arch Tierernahr pmid:8572917
Fedotcheva NI et al. [Metabolites of the propionate pathway as regulators of fatty and dicarboxylic acid oxidation in liver mitochondria]. 1993 Biokhimiia pmid:8507736
Hume ME et al. Metabolism of [14C]propionic acid in broiler chicks. 1993 Poult. Sci. pmid:8502603
Bueld JE and Netter KJ Factors affecting the distribution of ingested propionic acid in the rat forestomach. 1993 Food Chem. Toxicol. pmid:8473000
García-Martínez LF and Appling DR Characterization of the folate-dependent mitochondrial oxidation of carbon 3 of serine. 1993 Biochemistry pmid:8485144
Pell AN and Schofield P Computerized monitoring of gas production to measure forage digestion in vitro. 1993 J. Dairy Sci. pmid:8486838
Liu CM et al. Elaiophylin as a rumen fermentation efficiency enhancer. 1993 J. Antibiot. pmid:8468252