MeSH term | MeSH ID | Detail |
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Farber Lipogranulomatosis | D055577 | 1 associated lipids |
Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a lipid of Sphingolipids (SP) class. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is associated with abnormalities such as Infection, Painful Bladder Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Hyperglycemia and Rheumatoid Arthritis. The involved functions are known as Phosphorylation, Regulation, enzyme activity, Energy Absorption and Vascular Permeability. Sphingosine 1-phosphate often locates in Endothelium, Tissue membrane, Vascular System, Protoplasm and Microfilaments. The associated genes with Sphingosine 1-phosphate are MBTPS1 gene, FBXL15 gene, TEK gene, NTRK1 gene and Gene Family. The related lipids are Promega, Lipopolysaccharides, lysophosphatidic acid, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lysophospholipids. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model, Transgenic Model, Disease model and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
To understand associated biological information of Sphingosine 1-phosphate, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate is suspected in Lymphopenia, Ischemia, Infection, Atherosclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Asthma and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.
Disease | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literature |
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We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate
Lipid pathways are not clear in current pathway databases. We organized associated pathways with Sphingosine 1-phosphate through full-text articles, including metabolic pathways or pathways of biological mechanisms.
Pathway name | Related literatures |
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Associated locations are in red color. Not associated locations are in black.
Location | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
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Function | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
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Lipid concept | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
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Gene | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
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Knock-out are used in the study 'Sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent trafficking of peritoneal B cells requires functional NFkappaB-inducing kinase in stromal cells.' (Kunisawa J et al., 2008), Knock-out are used in the study 'Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) mediates angiogenic effect of S1P in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.' (Markiewicz M et al., 2011), Knock-out are used in the study 'Chasing sphingosine-1-phosphate, a lipid mediator for cardiomyocyte survival.' (Yang Q, 2007), Knock-out are used in the study 'Local application of FTY720 to the lung abrogates experimental asthma by altering dendritic cell function.' (Idzko M et al., 2006) and Knock-out are used in the study 'Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial cell motility through the small G-protein Rho.' (Gratzinger D et al., 2003).
Mouse Model are used in the study 'Regulation of the micromechanical properties of pulmonary endothelium by S1P and thrombin: role of cortactin.' (Arce FT et al., 2008), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sequential delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and sphingosine 1-phosphate for angiogenesis.' (Tengood JE et al., 2010), Mouse Model are used in the study 'S1P(5) is required for sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced autophagy in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.' (Chang CL et al., 2009), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces an antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages.' (Hughes JE et al., 2008) and Mouse Model are used in the study 'The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity.' (Rivera J et al., 2008).
Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Role for matrix metalloproteinase-2 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced activation of the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway and smooth muscle cell proliferation.' (Augé N et al., 2004), Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate antibodies as potential agents in the treatment of cancer and age-related macular degeneration.' (Sabbadini RA, 2011) and Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Still benched on its way to the bedside: sphingosine kinase 1 as an emerging target in cancer chemotherapy.' (Gault CR and Obeid LM, 2011).
Model | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
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Authors | Title | Published | Journal | PubMed Link |
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Wymann MP and Schneiter R | Lipid signalling in disease. | 2008 | Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. | pmid:18216772 |
Schüppel M et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate restrains insulin-mediated keratinocyte proliferation via inhibition of Akt through the S1P2 receptor subtype. | 2008 | J. Invest. Dermatol. | pmid:18219276 |
Machida T et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibits nitric oxide production induced by interleukin-1beta in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. | 2008 | J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | pmid:18171908 |
Hinkovska-Galcheva V et al. | The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate in calcium homeostasis. | 2008 | Curr Opin Investig Drugs | pmid:18951299 |
Peest U et al. | S1P-lyase independent clearance of extracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate after dephosphorylation and cellular uptake. | 2008 | J. Cell. Biochem. | pmid:18172856 |
Asada S et al. | Downregulation of Dicer expression by serum withdrawal sensitizes human endothelial cells to apoptosis. | 2008 | Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. | pmid:18978195 |
Liu Q et al. | FTY720 demonstrates promising preclinical activity for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. | 2008 | Blood | pmid:17761520 |
Kimura T et al. | Induction of scavenger receptor class B type I is critical for simvastatin enhancement of high-density lipoprotein-induced anti-inflammatory actions in endothelial cells. | 2008 | J. Immunol. | pmid:18981156 |
Stradner MH et al. | Spingosine-1-phosphate stimulates proliferation and counteracts interleukin-1 induced nitric oxide formation in articular chondrocytes. | 2008 | Osteoarthr. Cartil. | pmid:17703957 |
Wacker BK et al. | Endothelial cell migration on RGD-peptide-containing PEG hydrogels in the presence of sphingosine 1-phosphate. | 2008 | Biophys. J. | pmid:17827231 |
Provençal M et al. | Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) interferes with endothelial cell migration by inhibition of both the Erk pathway and focal adhesion proteins. | 2008 | Thromb. Haemost. | pmid:18327407 |
Beyer T and Meyer-Hermann M | Mechanisms of organogenesis of primary lymphoid follicles. | 2008 | Int. Immunol. | pmid:18334502 |
Malchinkhuu E et al. | S1P(2) receptors mediate inhibition of glioma cell migration through Rho signaling pathways independent of PTEN. | 2008 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:18088600 |
Kim HL et al. | Characterization of N,N,-dimethyl-D-erythro-sphingosine-induced apoptosis and signaling in U937 cells: independence of sphingosine kinase inhibition. | 2008 | Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. | pmid:18316219 |
Huwiler A and Pfeilschifter J | New players on the center stage: sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors as drug targets. | 2008 | Biochem. Pharmacol. | pmid:18321471 |
Jo SK et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: biology and therapeutic potential in kidney disease. | 2008 | Kidney Int. | pmid:18322542 |
Hughes JE et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces an antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages. | 2008 | Circ. Res. | pmid:18323526 |
Li X et al. | Basal and angiopoietin-1-mediated endothelial permeability is regulated by sphingosine kinase-1. | 2008 | Blood | pmid:18199826 |
Sobue S et al. | Implications of sphingosine kinase 1 expression level for the cellular sphingolipid rheostat: relevance as a marker for daunorubicin sensitivity of leukemia cells. | 2008 | Int. J. Hematol. | pmid:18283525 |
Youm JK et al. | K6PC-5, a sphingosine kinase activator, induces anti-aging effects in intrinsically aged skin through intracellular Ca2+ signaling. | 2008 | J. Dermatol. Sci. | pmid:18420384 |
Li QF et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces Mcl-1 upregulation and protects multiple myeloma cells against apoptosis. | 2008 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:18423379 |
Wu YP et al. | Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis controls glial proliferation in mice with Sandhoff disease. | 2008 | Hum. Mol. Genet. | pmid:18424450 |
Lavieu G et al. | Sphingolipids in macroautophagy. | 2008 | Methods Mol. Biol. | pmid:18425450 |
Miller AV et al. | Sphingosine kinases and sphingosine-1-phosphate are critical for transforming growth factor beta-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 activation and promotion of migration and invasion of esophageal cancer cells. | 2008 | Mol. Cell. Biol. | pmid:18426913 |
Igarashi J and Michel T | The enigma of sphingosine 1-phosphate synthesis: a novel role for endothelial sphingosine kinases. | 2008 | Circ. Res. | pmid:18369161 |
Gohda M et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates the egress of IgA plasmablasts from Peyer's patches for intestinal IgA responses. | 2008 | J. Immunol. | pmid:18390715 |
Lichte K et al. | Lysophospholipid receptor-mediated calcium signaling in human keratinocytes. | 2008 | J. Invest. Dermatol. | pmid:18172456 |
Avery K et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates transcriptional regulation of key targets associated with survival, proliferation, and pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. | 2008 | Stem Cells Dev. | pmid:18393631 |
Eskan MA et al. | TLR4 and S1P receptors cooperate to enhance inflammatory cytokine production in human gingival epithelial cells. | 2008 | Eur. J. Immunol. | pmid:18395849 |
De Luca T et al. | Downstream targets of altered sphingolipid metabolism in response to inhibition of ENOX2 by phenoxodiol. | 2008 | Biofactors | pmid:19734127 |
Krump-Konvalinkova V et al. | FTY720 inhibits S1P-mediated endothelial healing: relationship to S1P1-receptor surface expression. | 2008 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:18402775 |
Olivera A | Unraveling the complexities of sphingosine-1-phosphate function: the mast cell model. | 2008 | Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. | pmid:18403224 |
Sefcik LS et al. | Sustained release of sphingosine 1-phosphate for therapeutic arteriogenesis and bone tissue engineering. | 2008 | Biomaterials | pmid:18405965 |
Arce FT et al. | Regulation of the micromechanical properties of pulmonary endothelium by S1P and thrombin: role of cortactin. | 2008 | Biophys. J. | pmid:18408039 |
Goetzl EJ et al. | Regulation of the roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate and its type 1 G protein-coupled receptor in T cell immunity and autoimmunity. | 2008 | Biochim. Biophys. Acta | pmid:18381082 |
Hong JH et al. | K6PC-5, a direct activator of sphingosine kinase 1, promotes epidermal differentiation through intracellular Ca2+ signaling. | 2008 | J. Invest. Dermatol. | pmid:18385762 |
Chung FY et al. | Signaling mechanisms of sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced ERK1/2 activation in cultured feline esophageal smooth muscle cells. | 2008 | Arch. Pharm. Res. | pmid:19023540 |
Osborne N et al. | The spinster homolog, two of hearts, is required for sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in zebrafish. | 2008 | Curr. Biol. | pmid:19062281 |
Borges S et al. | Discrete influx events refill depleted Ca2+ stores in a chick retinal neuron. | 2008 | J. Physiol. (Lond.) | pmid:18033816 |
Pederson L et al. | Regulation of bone formation by osteoclasts involves Wnt/BMP signaling and the chemokine sphingosine-1-phosphate. | 2008 | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | pmid:19075223 |
Szczepaniak WS et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate rescues canine LPS-induced acute lung injury and alters systemic inflammatory cytokine production in vivo. | 2008 | Transl Res | pmid:19010292 |
Hsieh HL et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces EGFR expression via Akt/NF-kappaB and ERK/AP-1 pathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. | 2008 | J. Cell. Biochem. | pmid:17902169 |
Murakami M et al. | Identification of the orphan GPCR, P2Y(10) receptor as the sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptor. | 2008 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:18466763 |
Balthasar S et al. | Interactions between sphingosine-1-phosphate and vascular endothelial growth factor signalling in ML-1 follicular thyroid carcinoma cells. | 2008 | Endocr. Relat. Cancer | pmid:18509004 |
Kohno T and Igarashi Y | Attenuation of cell motility observed with high doses of sphingosine 1-phosphate or phosphorylated FTY720 involves RGS2 through its interactions with the receptor S1P. | 2008 | Genes Cells | pmid:18513330 |
Miron VE et al. | FTY720 modulates human oligodendrocyte progenitor process extension and survival. | 2008 | Ann. Neurol. | pmid:17918267 |
Harvey KA et al. | Trans-fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory responses and endothelial cell dysfunction. | 2008 | Br. J. Nutr. | pmid:17925051 |
Takashima S et al. | G12/13 and Gq mediate S1P2-induced inhibition of Rac and migration in vascular smooth muscle in a manner dependent on Rho but not Rho kinase. | 2008 | Cardiovasc. Res. | pmid:18480127 |
Yatomi Y | Plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism and analysis. | 2008 | Biochim. Biophys. Acta | pmid:17980708 |
Rivera R and Chun J | Biological effects of lysophospholipids. | 2008 | Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. | pmid:18481029 |
Jang S et al. | Changes in iNOS, GFAP and NR1 expression in various brain regions and elevation of sphingosine-1-phosphate in serum after immobilized stress. | 2008 | Neurochem. Res. | pmid:17940874 |
Bu S et al. | Opposite effects of dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosine 1-phosphate on transforming growth factor-beta/Smad signaling are mediated through the PTEN/PPM1A-dependent pathway. | 2008 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:18482992 |
Gavrilovskaya IN et al. | Hantaviruses direct endothelial cell permeability by sensitizing cells to the vascular permeability factor VEGF, while angiopoietin 1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibit hantavirus-directed permeability. | 2008 | J. Virol. | pmid:18367532 |
Zanin M et al. | Trophic action of sphingosine 1-phosphate in denervated rat soleus muscle. | 2008 | Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. | pmid:17942639 |
Tölle M et al. | HDL-associated lysosphingolipids inhibit NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production. | 2008 | Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. | pmid:18483405 |
Huang YT et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 phosphorylation in human endothelial cells through cSrc and Fyn. | 2008 | Cell. Signal. | pmid:18502612 |
Chen LY et al. | Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha activation induced by S1P is mediated by the S1P3 receptor in lung epithelial cells. | 2008 | Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. | pmid:18502815 |
Wamhoff BR et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subtypes differentially regulate smooth muscle cell phenotype. | 2008 | Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. | pmid:18535287 |
Rapizzi E et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate differentially regulates proliferation of C2C12 reserve cells and myoblasts. | 2008 | Mol. Cell. Biochem. | pmid:18454302 |
Son DJ et al. | Enhanced release of sphingosine-1-phosphate from hypercholesterolemic platelets: role in development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. | 2008 | Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids | pmid:18571912 |
Peavy RD and Metcalfe DD | Understanding the mechanisms of anaphylaxis. | 2008 | Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol | pmid:18596587 |
Cheon S et al. | Sphingosine kinase inhibitor suppresses IL-18-induced interferon-gamma production through inhibition of p38 MAPK activation in human NK cells. | 2008 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:18602364 |
Ohkawa R et al. | Plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate measurement in healthy subjects: close correlation with red blood cell parameters. | 2008 | Ann. Clin. Biochem. | pmid:18583619 |
González-DÃez M et al. | Prostacyclin induction by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in vascular smooth muscle cells depends on sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors: effect of simvastatin. | 2008 | Thromb. Haemost. | pmid:18612546 |
Jin YZ et al. | Reciprocal function of Galphai2 and Galphai3 in graft-versus-host disease. | 2008 | Eur. J. Immunol. | pmid:18521956 |
Lynch KR and Macdonald TL | Sphingosine 1-phosphate chemical biology. | 2008 | Biochim. Biophys. Acta | pmid:18638568 |
Igarashi J and Michel T | S1P and eNOS regulation. | 2008 | Biochim. Biophys. Acta | pmid:18638569 |
Machesky NJ et al. | Human cytomegalovirus regulates bioactive sphingolipids. | 2008 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:18644793 |
Pchejetski D et al. | Chemosensitizing effects of sphingosine kinase-1 inhibition in prostate cancer cell and animal models. | 2008 | Mol. Cancer Ther. | pmid:18644996 |
Zhao C et al. | Specific and overlapping sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor functions in human synoviocytes: impact of TNF-alpha. | 2008 | J. Lipid Res. | pmid:18658144 |
Rivera J et al. | The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity. | 2008 | Nat. Rev. Immunol. | pmid:18787560 |
Jessup W | Lipid metabolism: sources and stability of plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate. | 2008 | Curr. Opin. Lipidol. | pmid:18769238 |
Rivera J et al. | New insights on mast cell activation via the high affinity receptor for IgE. | 2008 | Adv. Immunol. | pmid:18772004 |
Westerberg LS et al. | WASP confers selective advantage for specific hematopoietic cell populations and serves a unique role in marginal zone B-cell homeostasis and function. | 2008 | Blood | pmid:18772454 |
Huang WR et al. | [SphK-1/S1P signal pathway in CML cells]. | 2008 | Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi | pmid:18718048 |
Serrano-Sanchez M et al. | Signaling pathways involved in sphingosine kinase activation and sphingosine-1-phosphate release in rat myometrium in late pregnancy: role in the induction of cyclooxygenase 2. | 2008 | Endocrinology | pmid:18723875 |
Ohama T et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate enhances IL-1{beta}-induced COX-2 expression in mouse intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts. | 2008 | Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. | pmid:18703638 |
Kaya H et al. | Does sphingosine-1-phosphate have a protective effect on cyclophosphamide- and irradiation-induced ovarian damage in the rat model? | 2008 | Fertil. Steril. | pmid:17517398 |
Yan G et al. | Activation of sphingosine kinase-1 mediates induction of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. | 2008 | Cardiovasc. Res. | pmid:18192241 |
Ullrich T et al. | Synthesis and immobilization of erythro-C14-omega-aminosphingosine-1-phosphate as a potential tool for affinity chromatography. | 2008 | ChemMedChem | pmid:18000941 |
Roelofsen T et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate acts as a developmental stage specific inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor-induced chemotaxis of osteoblasts. | 2008 | J. Cell. Biochem. | pmid:18819098 |
Bryan L et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate and interleukin-1 independently regulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression in glioblastoma cells: implications for invasiveness. | 2008 | Mol. Cancer Res. | pmid:18819934 |
Fulton D et al. | Agonist-stimulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and vascular relaxation. Role of eNOS phosphorylation at Tyr83. | 2008 | Circ. Res. | pmid:18096817 |
Simonaro CM et al. | Mechanism of glycosaminoglycan-mediated bone and joint disease: implications for the mucopolysaccharidoses and other connective tissue diseases. | 2008 | Am. J. Pathol. | pmid:18079441 |
Zabielski P et al. | Bezafibrate decreases growth stimulatory action of the sphingomyelin signaling pathway in regenerating rat liver. | 2008 | Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. | pmid:18024222 |
Landeen LK et al. | Mechanisms of the negative inotropic effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate on adult mouse ventricular myocytes. | 2008 | Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. | pmid:18024550 |
Salomone S et al. | Analysis of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors involved in constriction of isolated cerebral arteries with receptor null mice and pharmacological tools. | 2008 | Br. J. Pharmacol. | pmid:18026125 |
Ruckhäberle E et al. | Microarray analysis of altered sphingolipid metabolism reveals prognostic significance of sphingosine kinase 1 in breast cancer. | 2008 | Breast Cancer Res. Treat. | pmid:18058224 |
Singh IN and Hall ED | Multifaceted roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate: how does this bioactive sphingolipid fit with acute neurological injury? | 2008 | J. Neurosci. Res. | pmid:18058948 |
Stuebe S et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate and endothelin-1 induce the expression of rgs16 protein in cardiac myocytes by transcriptional activation of the rgs16 gene. | 2008 | Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. | pmid:18046543 |
Ledgerwood LG et al. | The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 causes tissue retention by inhibiting the entry of peripheral tissue T lymphocytes into afferent lymphatics. | 2008 | Nat. Immunol. | pmid:18037890 |
Nussbaumer P et al. | An efficient, one-pot synthesis of various ceramide 1-phosphates from sphingosine 1-phosphate. | 2008 | Chem. Phys. Lipids | pmid:18039471 |
Srinivasan S et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate reduces CD4+ T-cell activation in type 1 diabetes through regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor short isoform I.1 and CD69. | 2008 | Diabetes | pmid:18003758 |
Johann AM et al. | Apoptotic cell-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes HuR-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA stabilization and protein expression. | 2008 | J. Immunol. | pmid:18178864 |
Oskeritzian CA et al. | Distinct roles of sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 in human mast-cell functions. | 2008 | Blood | pmid:18178871 |
Oyama O et al. | The lysophospholipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes angiogenesis in vivo in ischaemic hindlimbs of mice. | 2008 | Cardiovasc. Res. | pmid:18187460 |
Patschan S et al. | Lipid mediators of autophagy in stress-induced premature senescence of endothelial cells. | 2008 | Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. | pmid:18203850 |
Eskan MA et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 and TLR4 mediate IFN-beta expression in human gingival epithelial cells. | 2008 | J. Immunol. | pmid:18209079 |
Onions VJ et al. | Ovarian tissue viability following whole ovine ovary cryopreservation: assessing the effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate inclusion. | 2008 | Hum. Reprod. | pmid:18216042 |
Hannun YA and Obeid LM | Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids. | 2008 | Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. | pmid:18216770 |