MeSH term | MeSH ID | Detail |
---|---|---|
Farber Lipogranulomatosis | D055577 | 1 associated lipids |
Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a lipid of Sphingolipids (SP) class. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is associated with abnormalities such as Infection, Painful Bladder Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Hyperglycemia and Rheumatoid Arthritis. The involved functions are known as Phosphorylation, Regulation, enzyme activity, Energy Absorption and Vascular Permeability. Sphingosine 1-phosphate often locates in Endothelium, Tissue membrane, Vascular System, Protoplasm and Microfilaments. The associated genes with Sphingosine 1-phosphate are MBTPS1 gene, FBXL15 gene, TEK gene, NTRK1 gene and Gene Family. The related lipids are Promega, Lipopolysaccharides, lysophosphatidic acid, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lysophospholipids. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model, Transgenic Model, Disease model and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
To understand associated biological information of Sphingosine 1-phosphate, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate is suspected in Lymphopenia, Ischemia, Infection, Atherosclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Asthma and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.
Disease | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literature |
---|
We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate
Lipid pathways are not clear in current pathway databases. We organized associated pathways with Sphingosine 1-phosphate through full-text articles, including metabolic pathways or pathways of biological mechanisms.
Pathway name | Related literatures |
---|
Associated locations are in red color. Not associated locations are in black.
Location | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
---|
Function | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
---|
Lipid concept | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
---|
Gene | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
---|
Knock-out are used in the study 'Sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent trafficking of peritoneal B cells requires functional NFkappaB-inducing kinase in stromal cells.' (Kunisawa J et al., 2008), Knock-out are used in the study 'Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) mediates angiogenic effect of S1P in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.' (Markiewicz M et al., 2011), Knock-out are used in the study 'Chasing sphingosine-1-phosphate, a lipid mediator for cardiomyocyte survival.' (Yang Q, 2007), Knock-out are used in the study 'Local application of FTY720 to the lung abrogates experimental asthma by altering dendritic cell function.' (Idzko M et al., 2006) and Knock-out are used in the study 'Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial cell motility through the small G-protein Rho.' (Gratzinger D et al., 2003).
Mouse Model are used in the study 'Regulation of the micromechanical properties of pulmonary endothelium by S1P and thrombin: role of cortactin.' (Arce FT et al., 2008), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sequential delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and sphingosine 1-phosphate for angiogenesis.' (Tengood JE et al., 2010), Mouse Model are used in the study 'S1P(5) is required for sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced autophagy in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.' (Chang CL et al., 2009), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces an antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages.' (Hughes JE et al., 2008) and Mouse Model are used in the study 'The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity.' (Rivera J et al., 2008).
Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Role for matrix metalloproteinase-2 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced activation of the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway and smooth muscle cell proliferation.' (Augé N et al., 2004), Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate antibodies as potential agents in the treatment of cancer and age-related macular degeneration.' (Sabbadini RA, 2011) and Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Still benched on its way to the bedside: sphingosine kinase 1 as an emerging target in cancer chemotherapy.' (Gault CR and Obeid LM, 2011).
Model | Cross reference | Weighted score | Related literatures |
---|
Authors | Title | Published | Journal | PubMed Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
Qiao L et al. | Synthesis and evaluation of a photolyzable derivative of sphingosine 1-phosphate--caged SPP. | 1998 | Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. | pmid:9871527 |
Sato K et al. | Downregulation of mRNA expression of Edg-3, a putative sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor coupled to Ca2+ signaling, during differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells. | 1998 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:9878524 |
Hida H et al. | Ceramide inhibits inwardly rectifying K+ currents via a Ras- and Raf-1-dependent pathway in cultured oligodendrocytes. | 1998 | J. Neurosci. | pmid:9786978 |
Vasta V et al. | Effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate and bradykinin on phospholipid signalling in human epithelial A549 cells. | 1998 | Biochem. Soc. Trans. | pmid:9765948 |
Edsall LC et al. | N,N-Dimethylsphingosine is a potent competitive inhibitor of sphingosine kinase but not of protein kinase C: modulation of cellular levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramide. | 1998 | Biochemistry | pmid:9737868 |
Spiegel S et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate in cell growth and cell death. | 1998 | Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | pmid:9668339 |
Igarashi Y | Sphingosine-1-phosphate as an intercellular signaling molecule. | 1998 | Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | pmid:9668340 |
Stam JC et al. | Invasion of T-lymphoma cells: cooperation between Rho family GTPases and lysophospholipid receptor signaling. | 1998 | EMBO J. | pmid:9670021 |
Himmel HM et al. | Guanine nucleotide-sensitive inhibition of L-type Ca2+ current by lysosphingolipids in RINm5F insulinoma cells. | 1998 | Mol. Pharmacol. | pmid:9584212 |
Orlati S et al. | Sphingosylphosphorylcholine and sphingosine-1-phosphate mobilize cytosolic calcium through different mechanisms in human airway epithelial cells. | 1998 | Cell Calcium | pmid:9924630 |
Yatomi Y et al. | [Signal transduction related to sphingosine 1-phosphate]. | 1998 | Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso | pmid:9883680 |
Cuvillier O et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibits activation of caspases that cleave poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamins during Fas- and ceramide-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphocytes. | 1998 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:9446602 |
Okamoto H et al. | EDG1 is a functional sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor that is linked via a Gi/o to multiple signaling pathways, including phospholipase C activation, Ca2+ mobilization, Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and adenylate cyclase inhibition. | 1998 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:9765227 |
Kovács P et al. | The effects of ceramide and its analogues on the secretion of the mucocyst content of Tetrahymena. | 1998 | Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand) | pmid:9763202 |
Nagiec MM et al. | The LCB4 (YOR171c) and LCB5 (YLR260w) genes of Saccharomyces encode sphingoid long chain base kinases. | 1998 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:9677363 |
Van Brocklyn JR et al. | Dual actions of sphingosine-1-phosphate: extracellular through the Gi-coupled receptor Edg-1 and intracellular to regulate proliferation and survival. | 1998 | J. Cell Biol. | pmid:9660876 |
Mandala SM et al. | Sphingoid base 1-phosphate phosphatase: a key regulator of sphingolipid metabolism and stress response. | 1998 | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | pmid:9419344 |
Melendez A et al. | FcgammaRI coupling to phospholipase D initiates sphingosine kinase-mediated calcium mobilization and vesicular trafficking. | 1998 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:9545263 |
Spiegel S et al. | Roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate in cell growth, differentiation, and death. | 1998 | Biochemistry Mosc. | pmid:9526097 |
Hamada K et al. | Involvement of Mac-1-mediated adherence and sphingosine 1-phosphate in survival of phorbol ester-treated U937 cells. | 1998 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:9535736 |
Gueguen G et al. | Structure-activity analysis of the effects of lysophosphatidic acid on platelet aggregation. | 1999 | Biochemistry | pmid:10387090 |
Li S et al. | Chemical synthesis of D-ribo-phytosphingosine-1-phosphate, a potential modulator of cellular processes. | 1999 | J. Lipid Res. | pmid:9869657 |
Huang JS et al. | Ethanol potentiates the mitogenic effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate by a zinc- and calcium-dependent mechanism in fibroblasts. | 1999 | Arch. Biochem. Biophys. | pmid:10334873 |
Kozawa O et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates heat shock protein 27 induction by a p38 MAP kinase-dependent mechanism in aortic smooth muscle cells. | 1999 | Exp. Cell Res. | pmid:10413591 |
Augé N et al. | Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the mitogenesis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in smooth muscle cells via activation of sphingomyelinase, ceramidase, and sphingosine kinase. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10419457 |
Igarashi Y | [Recent development of sphingosin 1-phosphate studies as a second messenger or a second agonist in cell signaling]. | 1999 | Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso | pmid:10396983 |
Hisano N et al. | Induction and suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by sphingolipids: a possible in vitro model for cell-cell interactions between platelets and endothelial cells. | 1999 | Blood | pmid:10361127 |
Meacci E et al. | Effect of Rho and ADP-ribosylation factor GTPases on phospholipase D activity in intact human adenocarcinoma A549 cells. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10373471 |
Tolan D et al. | Assessment of the extracellular and intracellular actions of sphingosine 1-phosphate by using the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade as a model. | 1999 | Cell. Signal. | pmid:10376808 |
Okamoto H et al. | EDG3 is a functional receptor specific for sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine with signaling characteristics distinct from EDG1 and AGR16. | 1999 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:10381367 |
Edsall LC and Spiegel S | Enzymatic measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate. | 1999 | Anal. Biochem. | pmid:10405296 |
Rakhit S et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulation of the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in airway smooth muscle. Role of endothelial differentiation gene 1, c-Src tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. | 1999 | Biochem. J. | pmid:10051434 |
Spiegel S | Sphingosine 1-phosphate: a prototype of a new class of second messengers. | 1999 | J. Leukoc. Biol. | pmid:10080537 |
Liu CH et al. | Ligand-induced trafficking of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor EDG-1. | 1999 | Mol. Biol. Cell | pmid:10198065 |
Watanabe Y and Akaike T | Possible involvement of caspase-like family in maintenance of cytoskeleton integrity. | 1999 | J. Cell. Physiol. | pmid:10082131 |
Shinpo K et al. | Protective effects of the TNF-ceramide pathway against glutamate neurotoxicity on cultured mesencephalic neurons. | 1999 | Brain Res. | pmid:10082875 |
Wang F et al. | Involvement of focal adhesion kinase in inhibition of motility of human breast cancer cells by sphingosine 1-phosphate. | 1999 | Exp. Cell Res. | pmid:10047444 |
Goetzl EJ et al. | Dual mechanisms for lysophospholipid induction of proliferation of human breast carcinoma cells. | 1999 | Cancer Res. | pmid:10493533 |
Goetzl EJ et al. | Distinctive expression and functions of the type 4 endothelial differentiation gene-encoded G protein-coupled receptor for lysophosphatidic acid in ovarian cancer. | 1999 | Cancer Res. | pmid:10537322 |
Lee OH et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces angiogenesis: its angiogenic action and signaling mechanism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. | 1999 | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | pmid:10544002 |
Olivera A et al. | Sphingosine kinase expression increases intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate and promotes cell growth and survival. | 1999 | J. Cell Biol. | pmid:10545499 |
Meacci E et al. | Receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase D by sphingosine 1-phosphate in skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. A role for protein kinase C. | 1999 | FEBS Lett. | pmid:10471775 |
Windh RT et al. | Differential coupling of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors Edg-1, Edg-3, and H218/Edg-5 to the G(i), G(q), and G(12) families of heterotrimeric G proteins. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10488065 |
Banno Y et al. | Differential phospholipase D activation by bradykinin and sphingosine 1-phosphate in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing gelsolin. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10488069 |
Kozawa O et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces heat shock protein 27 via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in osteoblasts. | 1999 | J. Bone Miner. Res. | pmid:10491224 |
Cavallini L et al. | Ganglioside GM1 protection from apoptosis of rat heart fibroblasts. | 1999 | Arch. Biochem. Biophys. | pmid:10510273 |
Xia P et al. | High density lipoproteins (HDL) interrupt the sphingosine kinase signaling pathway. A possible mechanism for protection against atherosclerosis by HDL. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10551885 |
Dygas A et al. | Exogenous sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine do not stimulate phospholipase D in C6 glioma cells. | 1999 | Acta Biochim. Pol. | pmid:10453985 |
Wójcik M and Barańska J | Sphingosine, sphingosylphosphorylcholine and sphingosine 1-phosphate modulate phosphatidylserine homeostasis in glioma C6 cells. | 1999 | Acta Biochim. Pol. | pmid:10453988 |
Waeber C and Chiu ML | In vitro autoradiographic visualization of guanosine-5'-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate binding stimulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid. | 1999 | J. Neurochem. | pmid:10461914 |
Hotchin NA et al. | Differential activation of focal adhesion kinase, Rho and Rac by the ninth and tenth FIII domains of fibronectin. | 1999 | J. Cell. Sci. | pmid:10444388 |
Kon J et al. | Comparison of intrinsic activities of the putative sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtypes to regulate several signaling pathways in their cDNA-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10446161 |
Ancellin N and Hla T | Differential pharmacological properties and signal transduction of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors EDG-1, EDG-3, and EDG-5. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10383399 |
Dallalio G et al. | Inhibition of human erythroid colony formation by ceramide. | 1999 | Exp. Hematol. | pmid:10390188 |
Hla T et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate: extracellular mediator or intracellular second messenger? | 1999 | Biochem. Pharmacol. | pmid:10423159 |
Prieschl EE et al. | The balance between sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate is decisive for mast cell activation after Fc epsilon receptor I triggering. | 1999 | J. Exp. Med. | pmid:10429665 |
Sato K et al. | Activation of phospholipase C-Ca2+ system by sphingosine 1-phosphate in CHO cells transfected with Edg-3, a putative lipid receptor. | 1999 | FEBS Lett. | pmid:9928946 |
Hung WC et al. | Activation of caspase-3-like proteases in apoptosis induced by sphingosine and other long-chain bases in Hep3B hepatoma cells. | 1999 | Biochem. J. | pmid:9931312 |
Moore AN et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces apoptosis of cultured hippocampal neurons that requires protein phosphatases and activator protein-1 complexes. | 1999 | Neuroscience | pmid:10579204 |
Zhang G et al. | Comparative analysis of three murine G-protein coupled receptors activated by sphingosine-1-phosphate. | 1999 | Gene | pmid:9931453 |
Moolenaar WH | Bioactive lysophospholipids and their G protein-coupled receptors. | 1999 | Exp. Cell Res. | pmid:10579925 |
Yang L et al. | Metabolism and functional effects of sphingolipids in blood cells. | 1999 | Br. J. Haematol. | pmid:10583213 |
Sato K et al. | Possible involvement of cell surface receptors in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in C6 glioma cells. | 1999 | Mol. Pharmacol. | pmid:9882706 |
Lynch KR and Im DS | Life on the edg. | 1999 | Trends Pharmacol. Sci. | pmid:10603487 |
Sato K et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces expression of early growth response-1 and fibroblast growth factor-2 through mechanism involving extracellular signal-regulated kinase in astroglial cells. | 1999 | Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. | pmid:10640689 |
Goetzl EJ et al. | Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate protection of T cells from apoptosis in association with suppression of Bax. | 1999 | J. Immunol. | pmid:9973477 |
English D et al. | Induction of endothelial cell chemotaxis by sphingosine 1-phosphate and stabilization of endothelial monolayer barrier function by lysophosphatidic acid, potential mediators of hematopoietic angiogenesis. | 1999 | J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. | pmid:10645770 |
Lee MJ et al. | Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate. | 1999 | Cell | pmid:10555146 |
Guo J et al. | Effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate on pacemaker activity in rabbit sino-atrial node cells. | 1999 | Pflugers Arch. | pmid:10555561 |
Hong G et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate modulates growth and adhesion of ovarian cancer cells. | 1999 | FEBS Lett. | pmid:10556527 |
De Jonghe S et al. | Structure-activity relationship of short-chain sphingoid bases as inhibitors of sphingosine kinase. | 1999 | Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. | pmid:10560747 |
Xia P et al. | Activation of sphingosine kinase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits apoptosis in human endothelial cells. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10567432 |
Meyer zu Heringdorf D et al. | Role of sphingosine kinase in Ca(2+) signalling by epidermal growth factor receptor. | 1999 | FEBS Lett. | pmid:10567700 |
Stewart CE et al. | Increased tyrosine kinase activity but not calcium mobilization is required for ceramide-induced apoptosis. | 1999 | Exp. Cell Res. | pmid:10413587 |
Sabbadini RA et al. | The role of sphingolipids in the control of skeletal muscle function: a review. | 1999 | Ital J Neurol Sci | pmid:10937863 |
Gottlieb D et al. | The DPL1 gene is involved in mediating the response to nutrient deprivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 1999 | Mol. Cell Biol. Res. Commun. | pmid:10329480 |
Pyne S et al. | Extracellular actions of sphingosine I-phosphate through endothelial differentiation gene products in mammalian cells: role in regulating proliferation and apoptosis. | 1999 | Biochem. Soc. Trans. | pmid:10917611 |
Goetzl EJ and An S | A subfamily of G protein-coupled cellular receptors for lysophospholipids and lysosphingolipids. | 1999 | Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. | pmid:10667339 |
Carpio LC et al. | Sphingolipids stimulate cell growth via MAP kinase activation in osteoblastic cells. | 1999 | Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids | pmid:10670688 |
Wang F et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits motility of human breast cancer cells independently of cell surface receptors. | 1999 | Cancer Res. | pmid:10626811 |
Wang F et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates cell migration through a G(i)-coupled cell surface receptor. Potential involvement in angiogenesis. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10585401 |
Denisova NA et al. | The role of glutathione, membrane sphingomyelin, and its metabolites in oxidative stress-induced calcium "dysregulation" in PC12 cells. | 1999 | Free Radic. Biol. Med. | pmid:10641723 |
Van Brocklyn JR et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cell rounding and neurite retraction are mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor H218. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:9988698 |
Yang L et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate formation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in human platelets: evaluation with sphingosine kinase inhibitors. | 1999 | J. Biochem. | pmid:10393324 |
Alemany R et al. | Formyl peptide receptor signaling in HL-60 cells through sphingosine kinase. | 1999 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:9933590 |
Zhang Q et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates fibronectin matrix assembly through a Rho-dependent signal pathway. | 1999 | Blood | pmid:10216094 |
Goetzl EJ et al. | Lysophospholipid enhancement of human T cell sensitivity to diphtheria toxin by increased expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor. | 1999 May-Jun | Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians | pmid:10354366 |
Vasta V et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces arachidonic acid mobilization in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. | 2000 | Biochim. Biophys. Acta | pmid:10601704 |
An S et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events mediated by G protein-coupled receptors Edg3 and Edg5. | 2000 | J. Biol. Chem. | pmid:10617617 |
Pyne S and Pyne N | Sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling via the endothelial differentiation gene family of G-protein-coupled receptors. | 2000 | Pharmacol. Ther. | pmid:11150592 |
Van Brocklyn JR et al. | Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EDG-6. | 2000 | Blood | pmid:10753843 |
English D et al. | Sphingosine 1-phosphate released from platelets during clotting accounts for the potent endothelial cell chemotactic activity of blood serum and provides a novel link between hemostasis and angiogenesis. | 2000 | FASEB J. | pmid:11053247 |
Edsall L et al. | Enzymatic method for measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate. | 2000 | Meth. Enzymol. | pmid:11070858 |
Sullards MC | Analysis of sphingomyelin, glucosylceramide, ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate by tandem mass spectrometry. | 2000 | Meth. Enzymol. | pmid:11070861 |
Van Brocklyn JR and Spiegel S | Binding of sphingosine 1-phosphate to cell surface receptors. | 2000 | Meth. Enzymol. | pmid:11070888 |
Himmel HM et al. | Evidence for Edg-3 receptor-mediated activation of I(K.ACh) by sphingosine-1-phosphate in human atrial cardiomyocytes. | 2000 | Mol. Pharmacol. | pmid:10908314 |
Driever W | Developmental biology. Bringing two hearts together. | 2000 | Nature | pmid:10910341 |
Kupperman E et al. | A sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor regulates cell migration during vertebrate heart development. | 2000 | Nature | pmid:10910360 |
Mandala SM et al. | Molecular cloning and characterization of a lipid phosphohydrolase that degrades sphingosine-1- phosphate and induces cell death. | 2000 | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | pmid:10859351 |
Murata N et al. | Quantitative measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate by radioreceptor-binding assay. | 2000 | Anal. Biochem. | pmid:10860507 |