Sphingosine 1-phosphate

Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a lipid of Sphingolipids (SP) class. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is associated with abnormalities such as Infection, Painful Bladder Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Hyperglycemia and Rheumatoid Arthritis. The involved functions are known as Phosphorylation, Regulation, enzyme activity, Energy Absorption and Vascular Permeability. Sphingosine 1-phosphate often locates in Endothelium, Tissue membrane, Vascular System, Protoplasm and Microfilaments. The associated genes with Sphingosine 1-phosphate are MBTPS1 gene, FBXL15 gene, TEK gene, NTRK1 gene and Gene Family. The related lipids are Promega, Lipopolysaccharides, lysophosphatidic acid, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lysophospholipids. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model, Transgenic Model, Disease model and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of Sphingosine 1-phosphate, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Sphingosine 1-phosphate is suspected in Lymphopenia, Ischemia, Infection, Atherosclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Asthma and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Heart Failure D006333 36 associated lipids
Diabetic Nephropathies D003928 39 associated lipids
Neovascularization, Pathologic D009389 39 associated lipids
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury D056486 39 associated lipids
Adenoma D000236 40 associated lipids
Arthritis D001168 41 associated lipids
Hyperalgesia D006930 42 associated lipids
Hypersensitivity, Delayed D006968 43 associated lipids
Liver Neoplasms, Experimental D008114 46 associated lipids
Psoriasis D011565 47 associated lipids
Coronary Artery Disease D003324 47 associated lipids
Asthma D001249 52 associated lipids
Nerve Degeneration D009410 53 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 D003922 56 associated lipids
Pain D010146 64 associated lipids
Reperfusion Injury D015427 65 associated lipids
Neuroblastoma D009447 66 associated lipids
Liver Cirrhosis D008103 67 associated lipids
Melanoma D008545 69 associated lipids
Colitis D003092 69 associated lipids
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 101

PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate

Lipid pathways are not clear in current pathway databases. We organized associated pathways with Sphingosine 1-phosphate through full-text articles, including metabolic pathways or pathways of biological mechanisms.

Related references are published most in these journals:

Pathway name Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What functions are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What genes are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'Sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent trafficking of peritoneal B cells requires functional NFkappaB-inducing kinase in stromal cells.' (Kunisawa J et al., 2008), Knock-out are used in the study 'Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) mediates angiogenic effect of S1P in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.' (Markiewicz M et al., 2011), Knock-out are used in the study 'Chasing sphingosine-1-phosphate, a lipid mediator for cardiomyocyte survival.' (Yang Q, 2007), Knock-out are used in the study 'Local application of FTY720 to the lung abrogates experimental asthma by altering dendritic cell function.' (Idzko M et al., 2006) and Knock-out are used in the study 'Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial cell motility through the small G-protein Rho.' (Gratzinger D et al., 2003).

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'Regulation of the micromechanical properties of pulmonary endothelium by S1P and thrombin: role of cortactin.' (Arce FT et al., 2008), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sequential delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and sphingosine 1-phosphate for angiogenesis.' (Tengood JE et al., 2010), Mouse Model are used in the study 'S1P(5) is required for sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced autophagy in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.' (Chang CL et al., 2009), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces an antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages.' (Hughes JE et al., 2008) and Mouse Model are used in the study 'The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity.' (Rivera J et al., 2008).

Transgenic Model

Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Role for matrix metalloproteinase-2 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced activation of the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway and smooth muscle cell proliferation.' (Augé N et al., 2004), Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate antibodies as potential agents in the treatment of cancer and age-related macular degeneration.' (Sabbadini RA, 2011) and Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Still benched on its way to the bedside: sphingosine kinase 1 as an emerging target in cancer chemotherapy.' (Gault CR and Obeid LM, 2011).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with Sphingosine 1-phosphate

Download all related citations
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 2896
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Li Y et al. Interaction of cortactin and Arp2/3 complex is required for sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced endothelial cell remodeling. 2004 Exp. Cell Res. pmid:15242766
Takeya H ['Vegetable wasps and plant worms' and G-protein-coupled receptors]. 2004 J. UOEH pmid:15244075
Maupas-Schwalm F et al. The sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway is involved in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, cell proliferation, and uPAR overexpression induced by tissue-type plasminogen activator. 2004 FASEB J. pmid:15231724
Fujita T et al. Delta-catenin/NPRAP (neural plakophilin-related armadillo repeat protein) interacts with and activates sphingosine kinase 1. 2004 Biochem. J. pmid:15193146
Brinkmann V et al. FTY720: sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in the control of lymphocyte egress and endothelial barrier function. 2004 Am. J. Transplant. pmid:15196057
Im DS et al. Enhancement of sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced phospholipase C activation during G(0)-G(1) transition in rat hepatocytes. 2004 J. Pharmacol. Sci. pmid:15215654
Pandey S and Assmann SM The Arabidopsis putative G protein-coupled receptor GCR1 interacts with the G protein alpha subunit GPA1 and regulates abscisic acid signaling. 2004 Plant Cell pmid:15155892
Taha TA et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: receptor specificity versus functional redundancy. 2004 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:15158755
Duong CQ et al. Expression of the lysophospholipid receptor family and investigation of lysophospholipid-mediated responses in human macrophages. 2004 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:15158762
Zhou H and Murthy KS Distinctive G protein-dependent signaling in smooth muscle by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors S1P1 and S1P2. 2004 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:15075212
Barnes PJ Ceramide lances the lungs. 2004 Nat. Med. pmid:14760419
Hung RJ et al. Assembly of adherens junctions is required for sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced matriptase accumulation and activation at mammary epithelial cell-cell contacts. 2004 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:15075215
Wang W et al. Physiological sphingosine 1-phosphate requirement for optimal activity of mouse CD4+ regulatory T Cells. 2004 FASEB J. pmid:15084513
Dudek SM et al. Pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement by sphingosine 1-phosphate: roles for cortactin and myosin light chain kinase. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15056655
Saba JD and Hla T Point-counterpoint of sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism. 2004 Circ. Res. pmid:15059942
Miura Y et al. Independence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression from sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in vascular endothelial cells. 2004 J. Thromb. Haemost. pmid:15140149
Garg SK et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo. 2004 J. Infect. Dis. pmid:15143482
Harada J et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces proliferation and morphological changes of neural progenitor cells. 2004 J. Neurochem. pmid:14756825
Matloubian M et al. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1. 2004 Nature pmid:14737169
Monick MM et al. Sphingosine kinase mediates activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and Akt by respiratory syncytial virus. 2004 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:14742298
Kim DS et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits human keratinocyte proliferation via Akt/protein kinase B inactivation. 2004 Cell. Signal. pmid:14607279
Peng X et al. Protective effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate in murine endotoxin-induced inflammatory lung injury. 2004 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:15020292
Usui S et al. Blood lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate potently stimulates platelet-derived growth factor-A and -B chain expression through S1P1-Gi-Ras-MAPK-dependent induction of Kruppel-like factor 5. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:14711826
Panetti TS et al. Extracellular matrix molecules regulate endothelial cell migration stimulated by lysophosphatidic acid. 2004 J. Thromb. Haemost. pmid:15333043
Gräler MH and Goetzl EJ The immunosuppressant FTY720 down-regulates sphingosine 1-phosphate G-protein-coupled receptors. 2004 FASEB J. pmid:14715694
Ohmori T et al. Platelet-derived sphingosine 1-phosphate induces contraction of coronary artery smooth muscle cells via S1P2. 2004 J. Thromb. Haemost. pmid:14717991
Renkl A et al. Distinct effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate, lysophosphatidic acid and histamine in human and mouse dendritic cells. 2004 Int. J. Mol. Med. pmid:14719124
Jin ZQ et al. Sphingosine kinase activation mediates ischemic preconditioning in murine heart. 2004 Circulation pmid:15451787
Linz-McGillem LA et al. Cytoskeletal rearrangement and caspase activation in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced lung capillary tube formation. 2004 Stem Cells Dev. pmid:15588507
Levkau B et al. High-density lipoprotein stimulates myocardial perfusion in vivo. 2004 Circulation pmid:15545521
Hale JJ et al. A rational utilization of high-throughput screening affords selective, orally bioavailable 1-benzyl-3-carboxyazetidine sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptor agonists. 2004 J. Med. Chem. pmid:15615513
Lee C et al. Attenuation of shock-induced acute lung injury by sphingosine kinase inhibition. 2004 J Trauma pmid:15580017
Yatomi Y et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate breakdown in platelets. 2004 J. Biochem. pmid:15625319
Galaria II et al. Differential regulation of ERK1/2 and p38(MAPK) by components of the Rho signaling pathway during sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced smooth muscle cell migration. 2004 J. Surg. Res. pmid:15555614
Shida D et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate transactivates c-Met as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human gastric cancer cells. 2004 FEBS Lett. pmid:15556605
Ochi S et al. Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin activates the sphingomyelin metabolism system in sheep erythrocytes. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:14702348
Fukuda Y et al. Identification of PECAM-1 association with sphingosine kinase 1 and its regulation by agonist-induced phosphorylation. 2004 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:14984734
Tanimoto T et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate transactivates the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. 2004 Circ. Res. pmid:15044318
Lockman K et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates smooth muscle cell differentiation and proliferation by activating separate serum response factor co-factors. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15292266
Allende ML et al. Mice deficient in sphingosine kinase 1 are rendered lymphopenic by FTY720. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15459201
Yamanaka M et al. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) is induced by transforming growth factor-beta and mediates TIMP-1 up-regulation. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15485866
Alewijnse AE et al. Cardiovascular effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate and other sphingomyelin metabolites. 2004 Br. J. Pharmacol. pmid:15504747
Bhattacharya J Lung injury: sphingosine-1-phosphate to the rescue. 2004 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:15504814
Hedemann J et al. Comparison of noradrenaline and lysosphingolipid-induced vasoconstriction in mouse and rat small mesenteric arteries. 2004 Auton Autacoid Pharmacol pmid:15541015
Kumar A et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate plays a role in the suppression of lateral pseudopod formation during Dictyostelium discoideum cell migration and chemotaxis. 2004 Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton pmid:15476260
Liu S et al. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta is a negative regulator of growth factor-induced activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15466414
Birukov KG et al. Epoxycyclopentenone-containing oxidized phospholipids restore endothelial barrier function via Cdc42 and Rac. 2004 Circ. Res. pmid:15472119
Nosi D et al. Effects of S1P on myoblastic cell contraction: possible involvement of Ca-independent mechanisms. 2004 Cells Tissues Organs (Print) pmid:15655330
Xin C et al. Heterologous desensitization of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors by purinoceptor activation in renal mesangial cells. 2004 Br. J. Pharmacol. pmid:15466446
Ozbay T et al. ACTH regulates steroidogenic gene expression and cortisol biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex via sphingolipid metabolism. 2004 Endocr. Res. pmid:15666826
Butler J et al. Functional characterization of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist in human endothelial cells. 2004 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:15165029
Chae SS et al. Constitutive expression of the S1P1 receptor in adult tissues. 2004 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:15165038
Geoffroy K et al. Bimodal effect of advanced glycation end products on mesangial cell proliferation is mediated by neutral ceramidase regulation and endogenous sphingolipids. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15184394
Elices MJ Editorial overview: Tie me up, tie me down: immunosuppressive therapies for the 21st century. 2004 Curr Opin Investig Drugs pmid:15573862
Xin C et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate cross-activates the Smad signaling cascade and mimics transforming growth factor-beta-induced cell responses. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15192102
Yu N et al. Characterization of lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated signal transduction in rat cortical oligodendrocytes. 2004 Glia pmid:14648542
Formigli L et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces cell contraction via calcium-independent/Rho-dependent pathways in undifferentiated skeletal muscle cells. 2004 J. Cell. Physiol. pmid:14584038
Argraves KM et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling promotes critical migratory events in vasculogenesis. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15377653
Grey A et al. Osteoblastic cells express phospholipid receptors and phosphatases and proliferate in response to sphingosine-1-phosphate. 2004 Calcif. Tissue Int. pmid:15354862
Clemens JJ et al. Synthesis of benzimidazole based analogues of sphingosine-1-phosphate: discovery of potent, subtype-selective S1P4 receptor agonists. 2004 Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. pmid:15341948
Gonzalez E et al. Small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of caveolin-1 differentially modulates signaling pathways in endothelial cells. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15292187
Lee H et al. Lysophospholipids increase ICAM-1 expression in HUVEC through a Gi- and NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. 2004 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:15294853
Roth Z and Hansen PJ Sphingosine 1-phosphate protects bovine oocytes from heat shock during maturation. 2004 Biol. Reprod. pmid:15317688
Hemmings DG et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced vasoconstriction is elevated in mesenteric resistance arteries from aged female rats. 2004 Br. J. Pharmacol. pmid:15326035
McVerry BJ et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate reduces vascular leak in murine and canine models of acute lung injury. 2004 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. pmid:15282202
Ogretmen B and Hannun YA Biologically active sphingolipids in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. 2004 Nat. Rev. Cancer pmid:15286740
Sutphen R et al. Lysophospholipids are potential biomarkers of ovarian cancer. 2004 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. pmid:15247129
Sauer B et al. Involvement of Smad signaling in sphingosine 1-phosphate-mediated biological responses of keratinocytes. 2004 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15247277
Roviezzo F et al. Human eosinophil chemotaxis and selective in vivo recruitment by sphingosine 1-phosphate. 2004 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. pmid:15254297
Hla T Physiological and pathological actions of sphingosine 1-phosphate. 2004 Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. pmid:15271296
Duan HF et al. Sphingosine kinase activation regulates hepatocyte growth factor induced migration of endothelial cells. 2004 Exp. Cell Res. pmid:15265705
Melendez AJ and Ibrahim FB Antisense knockdown of sphingosine kinase 1 in human macrophages inhibits C5a receptor-dependent signal transduction, Ca2+ signals, enzyme release, cytokine production, and chemotaxis. 2004 J. Immunol. pmid:15265887
Ikeda H et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate enhances portal pressure in isolated perfused liver via S1P2 with Rho activation. 2004 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:15240112
Misasi R et al. Prosaposin: a new player in cell death prevention of U937 monocytic cells. 2004 Exp. Cell Res. pmid:15242760
Waeber C et al. Vascular sphingosine-1-phosphate S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. 2004 Jul-Aug Drug News Perspect. pmid:15334188
De Luca T et al. NAD+/NADH and/or CoQ/CoQH2 ratios from plasma membrane electron transport may determine ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate levels accompanying G1 arrest and apoptosis. 2005 Biofactors pmid:16873929
Suomalainen L et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits nuclear factor kappaB activation and germ cell apoptosis in the human testis independently of its receptors. 2005 Am. J. Pathol. pmid:15743789
Pilorget A et al. Inhibition of angiogenic properties of brain endothelial cells by platelet-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate. 2005 J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. pmid:15829917
Bolick DT et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate prevents tumor necrosis factor-{alpha}-mediated monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelium in mice. 2005 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. pmid:15761190
Blom T et al. Enhancement of intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate production by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-evoked calcium mobilisation in HEK-293 cells: endogenous sphingosine-1-phosphate as a modulator of the calcium response. 2005 Cell. Signal. pmid:15763425
Im YJ et al. Study on action mode of sphingosine 1-phosphate in rat hepatocytes. 2005 J. Pharmacol. Sci. pmid:15764837
Oberst MD et al. HAI-1 regulates activation and expression of matriptase, a membrane-bound serine protease. 2005 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:15800053
Cyster JG Chemokines, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. 2005 Annu. Rev. Immunol. pmid:15771568
Church LD et al. TNFR1-induced sphingomyelinase activation modulates TCR signaling by impairing store-operated Ca2+ influx. 2005 J. Leukoc. Biol. pmid:15817701
Tamama K et al. High-density lipoprotein inhibits migration of vascular smooth muscle cells through its sphingosine 1-phosphate component. 2005 Atherosclerosis pmid:15585196
McVerry BJ and Garcia JG In vitro and in vivo modulation of vascular barrier integrity by sphingosine 1-phosphate: mechanistic insights. 2005 Cell. Signal. pmid:15494205
Waters CM et al. c-Src is involved in regulating signal transmission from PDGFbeta receptor-GPCR(s) complexes in mammalian cells. 2005 Cell. Signal. pmid:15494217
Butter JJ et al. A rapid and validated HPLC method to quantify sphingosine 1-phosphate in human plasma using solid-phase extraction followed by derivatization with fluorescence detection. 2005 J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. pmid:16023899
Maguire JJ and Davenport AP Regulation of vascular reactivity by established and emerging GPCRs. 2005 Trends Pharmacol. Sci. pmid:16054240
Yopp AC et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors regulate chemokine-driven transendothelial migration of lymph node but not splenic T cells. 2005 J. Immunol. pmid:16116177
Takeshita A et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate acts as a signal molecule in ceramide signal transduction of TNF-alpha-induced activator protein-1 in osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 cells. 2005 J Oral Sci pmid:15881228
Sauer B et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is involved in cytoprotective actions of calcitriol in human fibroblasts and enhances the intracellular Bcl-2/Bax rheostat. 2005 Pharmazie pmid:15881612
Ma Y et al. Sphingosine activates protein kinase A type II by a novel cAMP-independent mechanism. 2005 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:15883165
Kim JW et al. Synthesis and evaluation of sphingoid analogs as inhibitors of sphingosine kinases. 2005 Bioorg. Med. Chem. pmid:15848761
Kawata T et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibits migration and RANTES production in human bronchial smooth muscle cells. 2005 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:15850807
Pfaff M et al. Activation of the SPHK/S1P signalling pathway is coupled to muscarinic receptor-dependent regulation of peripheral airways. 2005 Respir. Res. pmid:15927078
Petrache I et al. Ceramide upregulation causes pulmonary cell apoptosis and emphysema-like disease in mice. 2005 Nat. Med. pmid:15852018
Mastrandrea LD et al. Sphingosine kinase activity and sphingosine-1 phosphate production in rat pancreatic islets and INS-1 cells: response to cytokines. 2005 Diabetes pmid:15855330
Kim KS et al. GPR4 plays a critical role in endothelial cell function and mediates the effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine. 2005 FASEB J. pmid:15857892
Pettus BJ et al. The coordination of prostaglandin E2 production by sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate. 2005 Mol. Pharmacol. pmid:15900018