Sphingosine 1-phosphate

Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a lipid of Sphingolipids (SP) class. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is associated with abnormalities such as Infection, Painful Bladder Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Hyperglycemia and Rheumatoid Arthritis. The involved functions are known as Phosphorylation, Regulation, enzyme activity, Energy Absorption and Vascular Permeability. Sphingosine 1-phosphate often locates in Endothelium, Tissue membrane, Vascular System, Protoplasm and Microfilaments. The associated genes with Sphingosine 1-phosphate are MBTPS1 gene, FBXL15 gene, TEK gene, NTRK1 gene and Gene Family. The related lipids are Promega, Lipopolysaccharides, lysophosphatidic acid, Lysophosphatidylcholines and Lysophospholipids. The related experimental models are Knock-out, Mouse Model, Transgenic Model, Disease model and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of Sphingosine 1-phosphate, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Sphingosine 1-phosphate is suspected in Lymphopenia, Ischemia, Infection, Atherosclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Asthma and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Hepatitis C, Chronic D019698 12 associated lipids
Peripheral Arterial Disease D058729 7 associated lipids
Endotoxemia D019446 27 associated lipids
Neoplasm Invasiveness D009361 23 associated lipids
Acute Lung Injury D055371 33 associated lipids
Sensation Disorders D012678 2 associated lipids
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing D019283 18 associated lipids
Hematologic Neoplasms D019337 4 associated lipids
Neuralgia D009437 28 associated lipids
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne D020388 11 associated lipids
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain D020925 22 associated lipids
Lung Injury D055370 14 associated lipids
Teratocarcinoma D018243 7 associated lipids
Eye Abnormalities D005124 7 associated lipids
Pregnancy, Ectopic D011271 5 associated lipids
Sciatic Neuropathy D020426 13 associated lipids
Ileus D045823 3 associated lipids
Tachycardia, Sinus D013616 2 associated lipids
Adenomatous Polyps D018256 4 associated lipids
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C D052556 1 associated lipids
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 101

PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate

Lipid pathways are not clear in current pathway databases. We organized associated pathways with Sphingosine 1-phosphate through full-text articles, including metabolic pathways or pathways of biological mechanisms.

Related references are published most in these journals:

Pathway name Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What functions are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What genes are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with Sphingosine 1-phosphate?

Knock-out

Knock-out are used in the study 'Sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent trafficking of peritoneal B cells requires functional NFkappaB-inducing kinase in stromal cells.' (Kunisawa J et al., 2008), Knock-out are used in the study 'Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) mediates angiogenic effect of S1P in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.' (Markiewicz M et al., 2011), Knock-out are used in the study 'Chasing sphingosine-1-phosphate, a lipid mediator for cardiomyocyte survival.' (Yang Q, 2007), Knock-out are used in the study 'Local application of FTY720 to the lung abrogates experimental asthma by altering dendritic cell function.' (Idzko M et al., 2006) and Knock-out are used in the study 'Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial cell motility through the small G-protein Rho.' (Gratzinger D et al., 2003).

Mouse Model

Mouse Model are used in the study 'Regulation of the micromechanical properties of pulmonary endothelium by S1P and thrombin: role of cortactin.' (Arce FT et al., 2008), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sequential delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and sphingosine 1-phosphate for angiogenesis.' (Tengood JE et al., 2010), Mouse Model are used in the study 'S1P(5) is required for sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced autophagy in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.' (Chang CL et al., 2009), Mouse Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces an antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages.' (Hughes JE et al., 2008) and Mouse Model are used in the study 'The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity.' (Rivera J et al., 2008).

Transgenic Model

Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Role for matrix metalloproteinase-2 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced activation of the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway and smooth muscle cell proliferation.' (Augé N et al., 2004), Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Sphingosine-1-phosphate antibodies as potential agents in the treatment of cancer and age-related macular degeneration.' (Sabbadini RA, 2011) and Transgenic Model are used in the study 'Still benched on its way to the bedside: sphingosine kinase 1 as an emerging target in cancer chemotherapy.' (Gault CR and Obeid LM, 2011).

Related references are published most in these journals:

Model Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with Sphingosine 1-phosphate

Download all related citations
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 2896
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Shimizu T et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 negatively regulates neointimal formation in mouse arteries. 2007 Circ. Res. pmid:17872461
Kunisawa J et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate dependence in the regulation of lymphocyte trafficking to the gut epithelium. 2007 J. Exp. Med. pmid:17875673
Fujiwara Y et al. Identification of the hydrophobic ligand binding pocket of the S1P1 receptor. 2007 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:17114791
Ki SH et al. Galpha12 specifically regulates COX-2 induction by sphingosine 1-phosphate. Role for JNK-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of IkappaBalpha. 2007 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:17098744
Kume H et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate causes airway hyper-reactivity by rho-mediated myosin phosphatase inactivation. 2007 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. pmid:17105828
Brahmbhatt VV et al. Novel carbonyl and nitrile products from reactive chlorinating species attack of lysosphingolipid. 2007 Chem. Phys. Lipids pmid:17126823
Martino A et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate interferes on the differentiation of human monocytes into competent dendritic cells. 2007 Scand. J. Immunol. pmid:17212771
Johnstone ED et al. Epidermal growth factor and sphingosine-1-phosphate stimulate Na+/H+ exchanger activity in the human placental syncytiotrophoblast. 2007 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. pmid:17913870
Hänel P et al. Erythrocytes store and release sphingosine 1-phosphate in blood. 2007 FASEB J. pmid:17215483
Siow DL and Wattenberg BW An assay system for measuring the acute production of sphingosine 1-phosphate in intact monolayers. 2007 Anal. Biochem. pmid:17884005
Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ et al. Mapping pathways downstream of sphingosine 1-phosphate subtype 1 by differential chemical perturbation and proteomics. 2007 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:17218309
Maceyka M et al. Measurement of mammalian sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity in vitro and in vivo. 2007 Meth. Enzymol. pmid:17954251
Igarashi J et al. Statins induce S1P1 receptors and enhance endothelial nitric oxide production in response to high-density lipoproteins. 2007 Br. J. Pharmacol. pmid:17220911
Mitra P et al. A rapid and sensitive method to measure secretion of sphingosine-1-phosphate. 2007 Meth. Enzymol. pmid:17954252
Maceyka M et al. Shooting the messenger: oxidative stress regulates sphingosine-1-phosphate. 2007 Circ. Res. pmid:17204658
Martino A Sphingosine 1-phosphate as a novel immune regulator of dendritic cells. 2007 J. Biosci. pmid:17954981
Guo Y et al. Quantitative proteomics analysis of human endothelial cell membrane rafts: evidence of MARCKS and MRP regulation in the sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced barrier enhancement. 2007 Mol. Cell Proteomics pmid:17210631
Nofer JR et al. FTY720, a synthetic sphingosine 1 phosphate analogue, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. 2007 Circulation pmid:17242282
Alemany R et al. Regulation and functional roles of sphingosine kinases. 2007 Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. pmid:17242884
Kim M et al. Isoflurane mediates protection from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate-dependent pathways. 2007 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. pmid:17898040
Tan SY et al. Aberrant Gi protein coupled receptor-mediated cell survival signaling in rheumatoid arthritis B cell lines. 2007 Front. Biosci. pmid:17127411
Alvarez SE et al. Autocrine and paracrine roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate. 2007 Trends Endocrinol. Metab. pmid:17904858
Deng Q et al. Identification of Leu276 of the S1P1 receptor and Phe263 of the S1P3 receptor in interaction with receptor specific agonists by molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and affinity studies. 2007 Mol. Pharmacol. pmid:17170199
Braun A et al. Paucity of pericytes in germinal matrix vasculature of premature infants. 2007 J. Neurosci. pmid:17978043
Hinson JS et al. Smooth muscle cell-specific transcription is regulated by nuclear localization of the myocardin-related transcription factors. 2007 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. pmid:16997888
Van Brocklyn JR Sphingolipid signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets in gliomas. 2007 Mini Rev Med Chem pmid:17979800
Sato K et al. Critical role of ABCA1 transporter in sphingosine 1-phosphate release from astrocytes. 2007 J. Neurochem. pmid:17931360
Matsuo Y et al. Newly developed reconstituted high-density lipoprotein containing sphingosine-1-phosphate induces endothelial tube formation. 2007 Atherosclerosis pmid:17118370
Nodai A et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces cyclooxygenase-2 via Ca2+-dependent, but MAPK-independent mechanism in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. 2007 Life Sci. pmid:17382352
Baumruker T et al. FTY720, an immunomodulatory sphingolipid mimetic: translation of a novel mechanism into clinical benefit in multiple sclerosis. 2007 Expert Opin Investig Drugs pmid:17302523
Baran Y et al. Alterations of ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate rheostat involved in the regulation of resistance to imatinib-induced apoptosis in K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. 2007 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:17303574
Chandru H and Boggaram V The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the TNF-alpha induction of IL-8 gene expression in lung epithelial cells. 2007 Gene pmid:17306937
Jung ID et al. Sphingosine kinase inhibitor suppresses a Th1 polarization via the inhibition of immunostimulatory activity in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. 2007 Int. Immunol. pmid:17307797
Bonnaud S et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate protects proliferating endothelial cells from ceramide-induced apoptosis but not from DNA damage-induced mitotic death. 2007 Cancer Res. pmid:17308123
Xue X et al. Differential effects of G protein coupled receptors on hematopoietic progenitor cell growth depend on their signaling capacities. 2007 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. pmid:17360805
Oskouian B and Saba J Sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism and intestinal tumorigenesis: lipid signaling strikes again. 2007 Cell Cycle pmid:17361098
Nyalendo C et al. Src-dependent phosphorylation of membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase on cytoplasmic tyrosine 573: role in endothelial and tumor cell migration. 2007 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:17389600
Okazaki M et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibits ischemia reperfusion injury following experimental lung transplantation. 2007 Am. J. Transplant. pmid:17391120
Milstien S et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate in neural signalling and function. 2007 Acta Paediatr Suppl pmid:17391440
Michel MC et al. Vascular effects of sphingolipids. 2007 Acta Paediatr Suppl pmid:17391441
Goetzl EJ et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate as an intracellular messenger and extracellular mediator in immunity. 2007 Acta Paediatr Suppl pmid:17391442
Lobo MK et al. Genetic control of instrumental conditioning by striatopallidal neuron-specific S1P receptor Gpr6. 2007 Nat. Neurosci. pmid:17934457
Peters SL and Alewijnse AE Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in the cardiovascular system. 2007 Curr Opin Pharmacol pmid:17280869
Tellier E et al. Role for furin in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced activation of the matrix metalloproteinase/sphingolipid mitogenic pathway. 2007 Mol. Cell. Biol. pmid:17283058
Morales A et al. Pharmacological inhibition or small interfering RNA targeting acid ceramidase sensitizes hepatoma cells to chemotherapy and reduces tumor growth in vivo. 2007 Oncogene pmid:16862171
Liao JJ et al. Cutting edge: Alternative signaling of Th17 cell development by sphingosine 1-phosphate. 2007 J. Immunol. pmid:17442922
Choi CH et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosine kinase activity during chicken embryonic development. 2007 Arch. Pharm. Res. pmid:17489368
Donati C et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate mediates proliferation and survival of mesoangioblasts. 2007 Stem Cells pmid:17464089
Naor MM et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate pKa and binding constants: intramolecular and intermolecular influences. 2007 J. Mol. Graph. Model. pmid:17467317
Ito K et al. Lack of sphingosine 1-phosphate-degrading enzymes in erythrocytes. 2007 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:17418101
Roztocil E et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced oxygen free radical generation in smooth muscle cell migration requires Galpha12/13 protein-mediated phospholipase C activation. 2007 J. Vasc. Surg. pmid:18155002
Xia P Letter by Xia regarding article, "High-density lipoproteins and their constituent, sphingosine-1-phosphate, directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo via the S1P3 lysophospholipid receptor". 2007 Circulation pmid:17420358
Kim DH et al. Elevation of sphingoid base 1-phosphate as a potential contributor to hepatotoxicity in fumonisin B1-exposed mice. 2007 Arch. Pharm. Res. pmid:17879749
Jacobson JR and Garcia JG Novel therapies for microvascular permeability in sepsis. 2007 Curr Drug Targets pmid:17430121
Kihara A et al. Metabolism and biological functions of two phosphorylated sphingolipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramide 1-phosphate. 2007 Prog. Lipid Res. pmid:17449104
Samy ET et al. Cutting edge: Modulation of intestinal autoimmunity and IL-2 signaling by sphingosine kinase 2 independent of sphingosine 1-phosphate. 2007 J. Immunol. pmid:17947634
Watterson KR et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and the immunosuppressant, FTY720-phosphate, regulate detrusor muscle tone. 2007 FASEB J. pmid:17449719
Czeloth N et al. Sphingosine-1 phosphate signaling regulates positioning of dendritic cells within the spleen. 2007 J. Immunol. pmid:17947659
Shin JH et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate triggers apoptotic signal for B16 melanoma cells via ERK and caspase activation. 2007 J. Korean Med. Sci. pmid:17449940
Jongsma M et al. Validation of a rapid, non-radioactive method to quantify internalisation of G-protein coupled receptors. 2007 Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. pmid:17497135
Zabielski P et al. Partial hepatectomy activates production of the pro-mitotic intermediates of the sphingomyelin signal transduction pathway in the rat liver. 2007 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:17499747
Olivera A et al. The sphingosine kinase-sphingosine-1-phosphate axis is a determinant of mast cell function and anaphylaxis. 2007 Immunity pmid:17346996
Catarzi S et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulation of NADPH oxidase activity: relationship with platelet-derived growth factor receptor and c-Src kinase. 2007 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:17349748
Park KS et al. S1P stimulates chemotactic migration and invasion in OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells. 2007 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:17349972
Zhao M et al. [The effects of sphingosine-1 1-phosphate (SIP) on the action potential and contractile in guinea pig ventricular myocardium]. 2007 Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi pmid:21171361
Suzuki H et al. Inducible nitric oxide has protective effect on fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice via modulation of sphingosine kinase. 2007 Toxicology pmid:17095132
Murph M and Mills GB Targeting the lipids LPA and S1P and their signalling pathways to inhibit tumour progression. 2007 Expert Rev Mol Med pmid:17935635
Roviezzo F et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine kinase pathway is involved in mouse airway hyperresponsiveness. 2007 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. pmid:17322125
Kajimoto T et al. Involvement of sphingosine-1-phosphate in glutamate secretion in hippocampal neurons. 2007 Mol. Cell. Biol. pmid:17325039
Nombela-Arrieta C et al. A central role for DOCK2 during interstitial lymphocyte motility and sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated egress. 2007 J. Exp. Med. pmid:17325199
Osada M et al. Involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate, a platelet-derived bioactive lipid, in contraction of mesangium cells. 2007 J. Biochem. pmid:17646176
Weigert A et al. Tumor cell apoptosis polarizes macrophages role of sphingosine-1-phosphate. 2007 Mol. Biol. Cell pmid:17652460
Mulders AC et al. Effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine on intracellular Ca2+ and cell death in prostate cancer cell lines. 2007 Auton Autacoid Pharmacol pmid:18076478
Kimura A et al. Essential roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate/S1P1 receptor axis in the migration of neural stem cells toward a site of spinal cord injury. 2007 Stem Cells pmid:16990586
Schwab SR and Cyster JG Finding a way out: lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. 2007 Nat. Immunol. pmid:18026082
Lee YM et al. A novel method to quantify sphingosine 1-phosphate by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). 2007 Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. pmid:17991617
Leiber D et al. Exogenous sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosine kinase activated by endothelin-1 induced myometrial contraction through differential mechanisms. 2007 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:16956968
Tani M et al. Ceramide/sphingosine/sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism on the cell surface and in the extracellular space. 2007 Cell. Signal. pmid:16963225
Hancke K et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate protects ovaries from chemotherapy-induced damage in vivo. 2007 Fertil. Steril. pmid:17081530
Lavieu G et al. Is autophagy the key mechanism by which the sphingolipid rheostat controls the cell fate decision? 2007 Jan-Feb Autophagy pmid:17035732
Molderings GJ et al. Characterization of an antiproliferative effect of imidazoline receptor ligands on PC12 cells. 2007 Nov-Dec Pharmacol Rep pmid:18195472
Watterson KR et al. Regulation of fibroblast functions by lysophospholipid mediators: potential roles in wound healing. 2007 Sep-Oct Wound Repair Regen pmid:17971005
Liu Q et al. FTY720 demonstrates promising preclinical activity for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. 2008 Blood pmid:17761520
Lavieu G et al. Sphingolipids in macroautophagy. 2008 Methods Mol. Biol. pmid:18425450
Miller AV et al. Sphingosine kinases and sphingosine-1-phosphate are critical for transforming growth factor beta-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 activation and promotion of migration and invasion of esophageal cancer cells. 2008 Mol. Cell. Biol. pmid:18426913
Igarashi J and Michel T The enigma of sphingosine 1-phosphate synthesis: a novel role for endothelial sphingosine kinases. 2008 Circ. Res. pmid:18369161
Gohda M et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates the egress of IgA plasmablasts from Peyer's patches for intestinal IgA responses. 2008 J. Immunol. pmid:18390715
De Luca T et al. Downstream targets of altered sphingolipid metabolism in response to inhibition of ENOX2 by phenoxodiol. 2008 Biofactors pmid:19734127
Yatomi Y Plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism and analysis. 2008 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:17980708
Rivera R and Chun J Biological effects of lysophospholipids. 2008 Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. pmid:18481029
Jang S et al. Changes in iNOS, GFAP and NR1 expression in various brain regions and elevation of sphingosine-1-phosphate in serum after immobilized stress. 2008 Neurochem. Res. pmid:17940874
Bu S et al. Opposite effects of dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosine 1-phosphate on transforming growth factor-beta/Smad signaling are mediated through the PTEN/PPM1A-dependent pathway. 2008 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:18482992
Gavrilovskaya IN et al. Hantaviruses direct endothelial cell permeability by sensitizing cells to the vascular permeability factor VEGF, while angiopoietin 1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibit hantavirus-directed permeability. 2008 J. Virol. pmid:18367532
Zanin M et al. Trophic action of sphingosine 1-phosphate in denervated rat soleus muscle. 2008 Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. pmid:17942639
Tölle M et al. HDL-associated lysosphingolipids inhibit NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production. 2008 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. pmid:18483405
Rivera J et al. The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity. 2008 Nat. Rev. Immunol. pmid:18787560
Jessup W Lipid metabolism: sources and stability of plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate. 2008 Curr. Opin. Lipidol. pmid:18769238
Rivera J et al. New insights on mast cell activation via the high affinity receptor for IgE. 2008 Adv. Immunol. pmid:18772004
Stuebe S et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and endothelin-1 induce the expression of rgs16 protein in cardiac myocytes by transcriptional activation of the rgs16 gene. 2008 Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. pmid:18046543
Ledgerwood LG et al. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 causes tissue retention by inhibiting the entry of peripheral tissue T lymphocytes into afferent lymphatics. 2008 Nat. Immunol. pmid:18037890