gamma-Linolenic acid

Gamma-linolenic acid is a lipid of Fatty Acyls (FA) class. The involved functions are known as Drug Interactions. Gamma-linolenic acid often locates in Articular system.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of gamma-Linolenic acid, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with gamma-Linolenic acid?

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with gamma-Linolenic acid

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Acute Lung Injury D055371 33 associated lipids
Urolithiasis D052878 1 associated lipids
Atherosclerosis D050197 85 associated lipids
Mastocytoma D034801 3 associated lipids
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting D020529 7 associated lipids
Postoperative Hemorrhage D019106 7 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid D018277 3 associated lipids
Critical Illness D016638 13 associated lipids
Arthritis, Psoriatic D015535 3 associated lipids
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute D015470 19 associated lipids
Weight Gain D015430 101 associated lipids
Xerostomia D014987 6 associated lipids
Tietze's Syndrome D013991 1 associated lipids
Thrombosis D013927 49 associated lipids
Synovitis D013585 15 associated lipids
Stomach Ulcer D013276 75 associated lipids
Seizures D012640 87 associated lipids
Dermatitis, Seborrheic D012628 10 associated lipids
Scurvy D012614 2 associated lipids
Scleroderma, Systemic D012595 16 associated lipids
Osteosarcoma D012516 50 associated lipids
Salivary Gland Diseases D012466 1 associated lipids
Respiratory Insufficiency D012131 10 associated lipids
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult D012128 15 associated lipids
Raynaud Disease D011928 7 associated lipids
Psoriasis D011565 47 associated lipids
Prostatic Neoplasms D011471 126 associated lipids
Premenstrual Syndrome D011293 7 associated lipids
Pityriasis D010915 3 associated lipids
Pancreatic Neoplasms D010190 77 associated lipids
Pain D010146 64 associated lipids
Neuroblastoma D009447 66 associated lipids
Neovascularization, Pathologic D009389 39 associated lipids
Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent D009376 23 associated lipids
Neoplasm Invasiveness D009361 23 associated lipids
Nausea D009325 7 associated lipids
Mucocele D009078 1 associated lipids
Melanoma D008545 69 associated lipids
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic D008180 43 associated lipids
Lung Neoplasms D008175 171 associated lipids
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic D008104 17 associated lipids
Leukemia P388 D007941 43 associated lipids
Kidney Failure, Chronic D007676 51 associated lipids
Kidney Calculi D007669 7 associated lipids
Intermittent Claudication D007383 6 associated lipids
Insulin Resistance D007333 99 associated lipids
Inflammation D007249 119 associated lipids
Erectile Dysfunction D007172 19 associated lipids
Hypertension D006973 115 associated lipids
Hypersensitivity, Delayed D006968 43 associated lipids
Hyperplasia D006965 34 associated lipids
Hyperlipidemias D006949 73 associated lipids
Hypercholesterolemia D006937 91 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular D006528 140 associated lipids
Hand Dermatoses D006229 5 associated lipids
Glioma D005910 112 associated lipids
Gastritis, Atrophic D005757 4 associated lipids
Gastritis D005756 27 associated lipids
Food Hypersensitivity D005512 7 associated lipids
Fibrocystic Breast Disease D005348 1 associated lipids
Fatigue D005221 10 associated lipids
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms D005185 1 associated lipids
Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental D004681 26 associated lipids
Ecchymosis D004438 3 associated lipids
Dysmenorrhea D004412 9 associated lipids
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced D004409 15 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D003924 87 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 D003922 56 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental D003921 85 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus D003920 90 associated lipids
Dermatitis, Atopic D003876 19 associated lipids
Dermatitis D003872 30 associated lipids
Cystic Fibrosis D003550 65 associated lipids
Colonic Neoplasms D003110 161 associated lipids
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic D002471 126 associated lipids
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome D002349 3 associated lipids
Cardiovascular Diseases D002318 24 associated lipids
Carcinoma 256, Walker D002279 22 associated lipids
Body Weight D001835 333 associated lipids
Bacteriuria D001437 7 associated lipids
Back Pain D001416 5 associated lipids
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency D001206 9 associated lipids
Arteriosclerosis D001161 86 associated lipids
Alcoholism D000437 27 associated lipids
Adenocarcinoma D000230 166 associated lipids
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PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with gamma-Linolenic acid

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with gamma-Linolenic acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
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What functions are associated with gamma-Linolenic acid?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with gamma-Linolenic acid?

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

What genes are associated with gamma-Linolenic acid?

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

What common seen animal models are associated with gamma-Linolenic acid?

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with gamma-Linolenic acid

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Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 1121
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Ho S et al. In-vitro transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen and gamma-linolenic acid from borage oil containing ethanol and 1,8-cineole. 2004 J. Pharm. Pharmacol. pmid:15525441
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Zhang Q et al. [Progress on molecular biology of delta6-fatty acid desaturases]. 2004 Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao pmid:15971598
Cheng Z et al. Alteration of prostaglandin production and agonist responsiveness by n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in endometrial cells from late-gestation ewes. 2004 J. Endocrinol. pmid:15283685
Papanikolaou S et al. Repression of reserve lipid turnover in Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina cultivated in multiple-limited media. 2004 J. Appl. Microbiol. pmid:15357737
Papanikolaou S et al. Single cell oil (SCO) production by Mortierella isabellina grown on high-sugar content media. 2004 Bioresour. Technol. pmid:15288271
Harrison RA et al. Who and how many people are taking herbal supplements? A survey of 21,923 adults. 2004 Int J Vitam Nutr Res pmid:15296076
Crowe DL and Chandraratna RA A retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective retinoid reveals that RXR-alpha is potentially a therapeutic target in breast cancer cell lines, and that it potentiates antiproliferative and apoptotic responses to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands. 2004 Breast Cancer Res. pmid:15318936
Hirawa N and Umemura S [Prostaglandin/bradykinin]. 2004 Nippon Rinsho pmid:15250292
Bruder ED et al. Metabolic consequences of hypoxia from birth and dexamethasone treatment in the neonatal rat: comprehensive hepatic lipid and fatty acid profiling. 2004 Endocrinology pmid:15271879
Pham H et al. Suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression by 15S-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid in androgen-dependent prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. 2004 Int. J. Cancer pmid:15197770
Johnston GA et al. The use of dietary manipulation by parents of children with atopic dermatitis. 2004 Br. J. Dermatol. pmid:15214908
Radomska A Antioxidant properties of captopril in vitro. 2003 May-Jun Acta Pol Pharm pmid:14556487
Nelson JL et al. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants on antioxidant status in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. 2003 Mar-Apr JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr pmid:12665164
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ et al. Lipid peroxidation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the pathogenesis of nosocomial sepsis. 2003 Jan-Mar J Postgrad Med pmid:12865564
Halat KM and Dennehy CE Botanicals and dietary supplements in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 2003 Jan-Feb J Am Board Fam Pract pmid:12583650
Harris NM et al. Epirubicin and meglumine gamma-linolenic acid: a logical choice of combination therapy for patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. 2003 Cancer pmid:12491507
Pham H et al. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma by 15S-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid parallels growth suppression of androgen-dependent prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. 2003 Cancer Lett. pmid:12445673
Shotton HR et al. The effectiveness of treatments of diabetic autonomic neuropathy is not the same in autonomic nerves supplying different organs. 2003 Diabetes pmid:12502507
Delmonte P et al. Synthesis and isolation of trans-7,cis-9 octadecadienoic acid and other CLA isomers by base conjugation of partially hydrogenated gamma-linolenic acid. 2003 Lipids pmid:12880116
Surette ME et al. Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in healthy adult subjects. 2003 Clin Ther pmid:12852710
Surette ME et al. Inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis by a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in patients with atopic asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, prospective trial. 2003 Clin Ther pmid:12852711
Whitehouse PA et al. Synergistic activity of gamma-linolenic acid and cytotoxic drugs against pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. 2003 Pancreatology pmid:14526145
Song C et al. Effects of dietary n-3 or n-6 fatty acids on interleukin-1beta-induced anxiety, stress, and inflammatory responses in rats. 2003 J. Lipid Res. pmid:12837849
Gimeno RE et al. Characterization of a heart-specific fatty acid transport protein. 2003 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:12556534
Li MC et al. [Expression of Mortierella isabellina delta6-fatty acid desaturase gene in gamma-linolenic acid production in transgenic tobacco]. 2003 Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao pmid:15966318
Vogelzang JL Fat facts and fallacies. 2003 Home Healthc Nurse pmid:14614382
Koletzko B et al. Fatty acid profiles, antioxidant status, and growth of preterm infants fed diets without or with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. A randomized clinical trial. 2003 Eur J Nutr pmid:14569405
Arimura T et al. Caspase-independent apoptosis induced by evening primrose extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. 2003 Cancer Lett. pmid:14580681
Barabino S et al. Systemic linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid therapy in dry eye syndrome with an inflammatory component. 2003 Cornea pmid:12605039
Djoussé L et al. Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with plasma triacylglycerol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:14668270
Williams HC Evening primrose oil for atopic dermatitis. 2003 BMJ pmid:14670851
Takwale A et al. Efficacy and tolerability of borage oil in adults and children with atopic eczema: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial. 2003 BMJ pmid:14670885
Macrì A et al. Effect of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid on tear production, tear clearance and on the ocular surface after photorefractive keratectomy. 2003 Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. pmid:12768289
Jelińska M et al. Effects of dietary linseed, evening primrose or fish oils on fatty acid and prostaglandin E2 contents in the rat livers and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced tumours. 2003 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:12697300
van Gool CJ et al. Gamma-linolenic acid supplementation for prophylaxis of atopic dermatitis--a randomized controlled trial in infants at high familial risk. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12663296
Spector SL and Surette ME Diet and asthma: has the role of dietary lipids been overlooked in the management of asthma? 2003 Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. pmid:12722956
Vecera R et al. Antioxidant status, lipoprotein profile and liver lipids in rats fed on high-cholesterol diet containing currant oil rich in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 2003 Physiol Res pmid:12678660
Seibel MM Treating hot flushes without hormone replacement therapy. 2003 J Fam Pract pmid:12681090
Wainwright PE et al. Effects of high-gamma-linolenic acid canola oil compared with borage oil on reproduction, growth, and brain and behavioral development in mice. 2003 Lipids pmid:12733750
Soeken KL et al. Herbal medicines for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. 2003 Rheumatology (Oxford) pmid:12709541
Duttaroy AK et al. Acyl-CoA thioesterase activity in human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo), cells: effects of fatty acids. 2003 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:12538089
Pacht ER et al. Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants reduces alveolar inflammatory mediators and protein influx in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. 2003 Crit. Care Med. pmid:12576957
Xian M et al. Production of gamma-linolenic acid by disrupted mycelia of Mortierella isabellina. 2003 Lett. Appl. Microbiol. pmid:12581380
Rosenstein ED et al. Pilot study of dietary fatty acid supplementation in the treatment of adult periodontitis. 2003 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:12591005
Usami M et al. Effect of gamma-linolenic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on tight junction permeability in intestinal monolayer cells and their mechanism by protein kinase C activation and/or eicosanoid formation. 2003 Nutrition pmid:12591548
Hirano A et al. Arachidonic acid-induced channel- and carrier-type ion transport across planar bilayer lipid membranes. 2003 Anal Sci pmid:12608744
Shimizu S and Nakano M Structural characterization of triacylglycerol in several oils containing gamma-linolenic acid. 2003 Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. pmid:12619674
Funtikova NS et al. [Synthesis of biologically active lipids by fungus Mucor lusitanicus 306D grown on media with various composition]. 2002 Nov-Dec Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. pmid:12449793
Das UN Abrupt and complete occlusion of tumor-feeding vessels by gamma-linolenic acid. 2002 Jul-Aug Nutrition pmid:12093450
Yoon S et al. The therapeutic effect of evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis patients with dry scaly skin lesions is associated with the normalization of serum gamma-interferon levels. 2002 Jan-Feb Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. pmid:11803254
Simoncíkova P et al. Comparison of the extrapancreatic action of gamma-linolenic acid and n-3 PUFAs in the high fat diet-induced insulin resistance [corrected]. 2002 Endocr Regul pmid:12466014
Leaver HA et al. Highly unsaturated fatty acid induced tumour regression in glioma pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of gamma linolenic acid in an implantation glioma model: effects on tumour biomass, apoptosis and neuronal tissue histology. 2002 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:12445487
Blommers J et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic mastalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. 2002 Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. pmid:12439536
Senanayake SP and Shahidi F Positional distribution of FA in TAG of enzymatically modified borage and evening primrose oils. 2002 Lipids pmid:12371752
Turon F et al. A direct method for regiospecific analysis of TAG using alpha-MAG. 2002 Lipids pmid:12371754
Dyer O Doctor accused of giving false information to drug trial. 2002 BMJ pmid:12269314
Tso P et al. Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of a high gamma-linolenic acid canola oil in lymph fistula Sprague-Dawley rats. 2002 J. Nutr. pmid:11823581
Deng X et al. Regulation of the rat SREBP-1c promoter in primary rat hepatocytes. 2002 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:11779162
Senanayake SP and Shahidi F Structured lipids via lipase-catalyzed incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid into borage (Borago officinalis L.) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) oils. 2002 J. Agric. Food Chem. pmid:11804516
Jack AM et al. Effects of diabetes and evening primrose oil treatment on responses of aorta, corpus cavernosum and mesenteric vasculature in rats. 2002 Life Sci. pmid:12175702
Harris NM et al. Intravesical meglumine gamma-linolenic acid in superficial bladder cancer: an efficacy study. 2002 Eur. Urol. pmid:12121728
Hornych A et al. The effect of gamma-linolenic acid on plasma and membrane lipids and renal prostaglandin synthesis in older subjects. 2002 Bratisl Lek Listy pmid:12190041
Theander E et al. Gammalinolenic acid treatment of fatigue associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome. 2002 Scand. J. Rheumatol. pmid:12109650
Furse RK et al. Oral administration of gammalinolenic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties, modulates interleukin-1beta production by human monocytes. 2002 J. Clin. Immunol. pmid:11998897
Gema H et al. Production of gamma-linolenic acid by Cunninghamella echinulata cultivated on glucose and orange peel. 2002 Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. pmid:11935180
Hong H et al. High-level production of gamma-linolenic acid in Brassica juncea using a delta6 desaturase from Pythium irregulare. 2002 Plant Physiol. pmid:12011365
Patel GK and Logan RA Golden nail pigmentation. 2002 J Dermatolog Treat pmid:12006139
Leigh-Firbank EC et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oils: differential associations with lipid responses. 2002 Br. J. Nutr. pmid:12010583
Braddock R et al. gamma-Linoleic acid and ascorbic acid ameliorate the effects of experimental diabetes on electrolyte and bone homeostasis in pregnant rats. 2002 J. Endocrinol. pmid:12010635
Crook TJ et al. The effects of meglumine gamma linolenic acid (MeGLA) on an organ culture model of superficial bladder cancer. 2002 Urol. Res. pmid:11942327
García-Maroto F et al. Cloning and molecular characterization of the delta6-desaturase from two echium plant species: production of GLA by heterologous expression in yeast and tobacco. 2002 Lipids pmid:12030323
Colquhoun A Gamma-linolenic acid alters the composition of mitochondrial membrane subfractions, decreases outer mitochondrial membrane binding of hexokinase and alters carnitine palmitoyltransferase I properties in the Walker 256 rat tumour. 2002 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:12069851
Menéndez JA et al. Synergistic interaction between vinorelbine and gamma-linolenic acid in breast cancer cells. 2002 Breast Cancer Res. Treat. pmid:12058962
Cook D et al. Modification of fatty acid composition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by expression of a borage delta6-desaturase. 2002 Mol. Biotechnol. pmid:12059112
Leaver HA et al. Antitumour and pro-apoptotic actions of highly unsaturated fatty acids in glioma. 2002 Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:12051954
Chung S et al. Gamma-linolenic acid in borage oil reverses epidermal hyperproliferation in guinea pigs. 2002 J. Nutr. pmid:12368400
Gillis RC et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. 2002 J. Surg. Res. pmid:12384078
Pérez Y et al. Measurement by nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion of the dimensions of the mobile lipid compartment in C6 cells. 2002 Cancer Res. pmid:12384523
Ernst E Ayurvedic medicines. 2002 Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf pmid:12426929
Uesaka Y [Prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy]. 2002 Nippon Rinsho pmid:12430238
Hamburger M et al. Constituents in evening primrose oil with radical scavenging, cyclooxygenase, and neutrophil elastase inhibitory activities. 2002 J. Agric. Food Chem. pmid:12236675
Khunyoshyeng S et al. Differential expression of desaturases and changes in fatty acid composition during sporangiospore germination and development in Mucor rouxii. 2002 Fungal Genet. Biol. pmid:12223185
Whelan J et al. Dietary EPA reduces tumor load in ApcMin/+ mice by altering arachidonic acid metabolism, but conjugated linoleic acid, gamma--and alpha-linolenic acids have no effect. 2002 Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. pmid:12664643
Pham H and Ziboh VA 5 alpha-reductase-catalyzed conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone is increased in prostatic adenocarcinoma cells: suppression by 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of gamma-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids. 2002 J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. pmid:12589947
Das UN Abrupt and complete occlusion of tumor-feeding vessels by gamma-linolenic acid. 2002 Nutrition pmid:12297217
Samuels R et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of spirulina in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome. 2002 J Med Food pmid:12487756
Keegan A et al. Corpus cavernosum dysfunction in diabetic rats: effects of combined alpha-lipoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid treatment. 2001 Sep-Oct Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. pmid:11747143
OtleÅŸ S and Pire R Fatty acid composition of Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae species. 2001 Nov-Dec J AOAC Int pmid:11767135
Zavodnik LB et al. [Effect of gamma-linolenic acid on microsomal oxidation in the rat liver following gamma-irradiation]. 2001 Jul-Aug Eksp Klin Farmakol pmid:11589114
Borenshtein D et al. Cataract development in diabetic sand rats treated with alpha-lipoic acid and its gamma-linolenic acid conjugate. 2001 Jan-Feb Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. pmid:11241890
Nwankwo JO and Robbins ME Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- gamma expression in human malignant and normal brain, breast and prostate-derived cells. 2001 Apr-May Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids pmid:11418018
Cunnane SC et al. NMR and isotope ratio mass spectrometry studies of in vivo uptake and metabolism of polyunsaturates by the developing rat brain. 2001 Apr-Jun J. Mol. Neurosci. pmid:11478372
Keysser G [Are there effective dietary recommendations for patients with rheumatoid arthritis?]. 2001 Z Rheumatol pmid:11263011
Biessels GJ et al. The effect of gamma-linolenic acid-alpha-lipoic acid on functional deficits in the peripheral and central nervous system of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 2001 J. Neurol. Sci. pmid:11137514
Corbett JW et al. Trifluoromethyl-containing 3-alkoxymethyl- and 3-aryloxymethyl-2-pyridinones are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase. 2001 Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. pmid:11212098
Sims EC and Plowman PN Stereotactic radiosurgery XII. Large AVM and the failure of the radiation response modifier gamma linolenic acid to improve the therapeutic ratio. 2001 Br J Neurosurg pmid:11303657
Little C and Parsons T Herbal therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis. 2001 Cochrane Database Syst Rev pmid:11279784
Fauconnot L and Buist PH Gamma-linolenic acid biosynthesis: cryptoregiochemistry of delta6 desaturation. 2001 J. Org. Chem. pmid:11312950
Kenny FS et al. Effect of dietary GLA+/-tamoxifen on the growth, ER expression and fatty acid profile of ER positive human breast cancer xenografts. 2001 Int. J. Cancer pmid:11291069