alpha-linolenic acid

Alpha-linolenic acid is a lipid of Fatty Acyls (FA) class. Alpha-linolenic acid is associated with abnormalities such as Coronary heart disease, abnormal fragmented structure, Arterial thrombosis and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. The involved functions are known as Anabolism, Signal, Transcription, Genetic, Saturated and Regulation. Alpha-linolenic acid often locates in Blood, Body tissue, Plasma membrane, Hepatic and peroxisome. The associated genes with alpha-linolenic acid are FATE1 gene, volicitin, CYP2U1 gene, CYP1A2 gene and CYP2J2 gene. The related lipids are Fatty Acids, Dietary Fatty Acid, stearidonic acid and Fatty Acids, Nonesterified.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of alpha-linolenic acid, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with alpha-linolenic acid?

alpha-linolenic acid is suspected in Coronary heart disease, Arterial thrombosis, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with alpha-linolenic acid

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Night Blindness D009755 1 associated lipids
Stomatitis, Aphthous D013281 1 associated lipids
Conjunctivitis, Allergic D003233 1 associated lipids
Aging, Premature D019588 1 associated lipids
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency D006316 1 associated lipids
Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms D010039 2 associated lipids
Spinal Cord Ischemia D020760 2 associated lipids
Torsades de Pointes D016171 2 associated lipids
Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms D012626 2 associated lipids
Mental Fatigue D005222 3 associated lipids
Carcinogenesis D063646 3 associated lipids
Depression, Postpartum D019052 3 associated lipids
Dyskinesias D020820 3 associated lipids
Insect Bites and Stings D007299 4 associated lipids
Endomyocardial Fibrosis D004719 4 associated lipids
Amyloidosis D000686 4 associated lipids
Retinitis Pigmentosa D012174 6 associated lipids
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency D010188 6 associated lipids
Pancytopenia D010198 6 associated lipids
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms D001749 7 associated lipids
Irritable Bowel Syndrome D043183 8 associated lipids
Community-Acquired Infections D017714 8 associated lipids
Paraplegia D010264 8 associated lipids
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined D006950 9 associated lipids
Tachycardia, Ventricular D017180 9 associated lipids
Retinal Degeneration D012162 9 associated lipids
Vitamin B 6 Deficiency D026681 10 associated lipids
Colorectal Neoplasms D015179 10 associated lipids
Long QT Syndrome D008133 10 associated lipids
Overweight D050177 11 associated lipids
Aortic Diseases D001018 11 associated lipids
Learning Disorders D007859 11 associated lipids
Cat Diseases D002371 12 associated lipids
Retinoblastoma D012175 12 associated lipids
Death, Sudden, Cardiac D016757 12 associated lipids
Deficiency Diseases D003677 12 associated lipids
Neoplasms D009369 13 associated lipids
Atrial Fibrillation D001281 16 associated lipids
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli D011125 16 associated lipids
Ventricular Fibrillation D014693 16 associated lipids
Bronchial Spasm D001986 18 associated lipids
Dermatitis, Atopic D003876 19 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast D018270 19 associated lipids
Pregnancy Complications D011248 19 associated lipids
Prostatic Hyperplasia D011470 20 associated lipids
Diabetic Angiopathies D003925 20 associated lipids
Tuberculosis D014376 20 associated lipids
Myocardial Infarction D009203 21 associated lipids
Malaria, Falciparum D016778 22 associated lipids
Hypersensitivity D006967 22 associated lipids
Birth Weight D001724 23 associated lipids
Breast Neoplasms D001943 24 associated lipids
Cattle Diseases D002418 24 associated lipids
Pseudomonas Infections D011552 25 associated lipids
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors D008052 26 associated lipids
Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental D004681 26 associated lipids
Autoimmune Diseases D001327 27 associated lipids
Vitamin E Deficiency D014811 29 associated lipids
Adrenoleukodystrophy D000326 29 associated lipids
Dermatitis D003872 30 associated lipids
Liver Diseases D008107 31 associated lipids
Stroke D020521 32 associated lipids
Neurotoxicity Syndromes D020258 34 associated lipids
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery D020244 35 associated lipids
Epilepsy D004827 35 associated lipids
Heart Failure D006333 36 associated lipids
Diabetic Nephropathies D003928 39 associated lipids
Zellweger Syndrome D015211 39 associated lipids
Adenoma D000236 40 associated lipids
Arthritis D001168 41 associated lipids
Hypersensitivity, Delayed D006968 43 associated lipids
Metabolic Syndrome D024821 44 associated lipids
Metabolism, Inborn Errors D008661 46 associated lipids
Coronary Artery Disease D003324 47 associated lipids
Precancerous Conditions D011230 48 associated lipids
Fatty Liver D005234 48 associated lipids
Thrombosis D013927 49 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 D003922 56 associated lipids
Pain D010146 64 associated lipids
Cystic Fibrosis D003550 65 associated lipids
Neuroblastoma D009447 66 associated lipids
Colitis D003092 69 associated lipids
Coronary Disease D003327 70 associated lipids
Hyperlipidemias D006949 73 associated lipids
Pancreatic Neoplasms D010190 77 associated lipids
Atherosclerosis D050197 85 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental D003921 85 associated lipids
Arteriosclerosis D001161 86 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D003924 87 associated lipids
Seizures D012640 87 associated lipids
Brain Ischemia D002545 89 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus D003920 90 associated lipids
Hypercholesterolemia D006937 91 associated lipids
Insulin Resistance D007333 99 associated lipids
Weight Gain D015430 101 associated lipids
Hypertension D006973 115 associated lipids
Inflammation D007249 119 associated lipids
Hemolysis D006461 131 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular D006528 140 associated lipids
Edema D004487 152 associated lipids
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 104

PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with alpha-linolenic acid

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with alpha-linolenic acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What functions are associated with alpha-linolenic acid?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with alpha-linolenic acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What genes are associated with alpha-linolenic acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with alpha-linolenic acid?

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with alpha-linolenic acid

Download all related citations
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 2471
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Agostoni C The difficult balance between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. 2003 Acta Paediatr. pmid:14971782
Ayala S and Brenner RR Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the alpha-linolenic series in the lipid composition of rat testicles during development. 1980 Acta Physiol Lat Am pmid:6287807
Cocchi M et al. Effect of C 18:3 (n-3) dietary supplementation on the fatty acid composition of the rat brain. 1984 Acta Vitaminol. Enzymol. pmid:6098183
Ermidou-Pollet S et al. Influence of subcutaneous injection of essential fatty acids on the stress-induced modifications of rat platelet aggregation and membrane lipid composition. 2005 Acta. Biol. Hung. pmid:16196200
Fleming JA and Kris-Etherton PM The evidence for α-linolenic acid and cardiovascular disease benefits: Comparisons with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. 2014 Adv Nutr pmid:25398754
Valentine CJ Maternal dietary DHA supplementation to improve inflammatory outcomes in the preterm infant. 2012 Adv Nutr pmid:22585914
Devassy JG et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Neuroinflammation and Management of Alzheimer Disease. 2016 Adv Nutr pmid:27633106
López-Alarcón M et al. Breastfeeding protects against the anorectic response to infection in infants: possible role of DHA. 2004 Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. pmid:15384603
Hamberg M Transformations of alpha-linolenic acid in leaves of corn (Zea mays L.). 1991 Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot. Res. pmid:1671803
Bjerve KS et al. Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in man: effect of essential fatty acids on fatty acid composition. 1987 Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot. Res. pmid:2890285
Gao F et al. Aging decreases rate of docosahexaenoic acid synthesis-secretion from circulating unesterified α-linolenic acid by rat liver. 2013 Age (Dordr) pmid:22388930
Jayatilleke A and Shaw S Stimulation of monocyte interleukin-8 by lipid peroxidation products: a mechanism for alcohol-induced liver injury. 1998 Alcohol pmid:9665313
Nielsen AA et al. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active Crohn's disease compared with omega-6 fatty acids. 2005 Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. pmid:16305726
Logan AC Neurobehavioral aspects of omega-3 fatty acids: possible mechanisms and therapeutic value in major depression. 2003 Altern Med Rev pmid:14653768
Mozaffarian D Does alpha-linolenic acid intake reduce the risk of coronary heart disease? A review of the evidence. 2005 May-Jun Altern Ther Health Med pmid:15945135
DeFilippis AP and Sperling LS Understanding omega-3's. 2006 Am. Heart J. pmid:16504616
Szabó E et al. trans Octadecenoic acid and trans octadecadienoic acid are inversely related to long-chain polyunsaturates in human milk: results of a large birth cohort study. 2007 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:17490969
Hunter JE n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oils. 1990 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:1970702
Simon JA et al. The relation of alpha-linolenic acid to the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2009 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:19321563
Griffin MD et al. Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study. 2006 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:17158408
Vos E et al. alpha-Linolenic acid and fish oil n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk. 2007 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:17344517
Kelley DS et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid and immunocompetence in humans. 1991 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:1670594
Visioli F and Galli C Alpha-linolenic acid and cardiovascular disease. 2002 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12036822
Rajaram S Health benefits of plant-derived α-linolenic acid. 2014 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:24898228
Djoussé L et al. Dietary linolenic acid and carotid atherosclerosis: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12663278
Truong H et al. Does genetic variation in the Delta6-desaturase promoter modify the association between alpha-linolenic acid and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome? 2009 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:19144731
Renaud SC and Lanzmann-Petithory D The beneficial effect of alpha-linolenic acid in coronary artery disease is not questionable. 2002 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12324307
Cunnane SC et al. Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults. 1995 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:7825540
Bjerve KS et al. alpha-Linolenic acid and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in three patients with omega-3 fatty acid deficiency: effect on lymphocyte function, plasma and red cell lipids, and prostanoid formation. 1989 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:2563625
Mantzioris E et al. Dietary substitution with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues. 1994 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:7910999
Anderson GJ and Connor WE Accretion of n-3 fatty acids in the brain and retina of chicks fed a low-linolenic acid diet supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid. 1994 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:7911000
Pan A et al. α-Linolenic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2012 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:23076616
Hennig B and Watkins BA Linoleic acid and linolenic acid: effect on permeability properties of cultured endothelial cell monolayers. 1989 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:2563626
DeLany JP et al. Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11010930
Mantzioris E et al. Differences exist in the relationships between dietary linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids and their respective long-chain metabolites. 1995 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:7840069
Erkkilä AT et al. n-3 Fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12816772
Gillingham LG et al. Dietary oils and FADS1-FADS2 genetic variants modulate [13C]α-linolenic acid metabolism and plasma fatty acid composition. 2013 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:23221573
Leitzmann MF et al. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. 2004 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:15213050
Finnegan YE et al. Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12663273
Granot E et al. Breast-fed and formula-fed infants do not differ in immunocompetent cell cytokine production despite differences in cell membrane fatty acid composition. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11063450
Jeppesen PB et al. Differences in essential fatty acid requirements by enteral and parenteral routes of administration in patients with fat malabsorption. 1999 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10393142
James MJ et al. Metabolism of stearidonic acid in human subjects: comparison with the metabolism of other n-3 fatty acids. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12716664
Kew S et al. Lack of effect of foods enriched with plant- or marine-derived n-3 fatty acids on human immune function. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12716684
de Groot RH et al. Effect of alpha-linolenic acid supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and pregnancy outcome. 2004 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:14749231
Lemaitre RN et al. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12540389
Pawlosky RJ et al. Effects of beef- and fish-based diets on the kinetics of n-3 fatty acid metabolism in human subjects. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12600844
Berry EM and Hirsch J Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure? 1986 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:2875645
Carnielli VP et al. Medium-chain triacylglycerols in formulas for preterm infants: effect on plasma lipids, circulating concentrations of medium-chain fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. 1996 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:8694014
Djoussé L et al. Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with plasma triacylglycerol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. 2003 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:14668270
Kestin M et al. n-3 fatty acids of marine origin lower systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but raise LDL cholesterol compared with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from plants. 1990 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:1971991
Lanzmann-Petithory D et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases by alpha-linolenic acid. 2002 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12450919
Dai J et al. High habitual dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake is associated with decreased plasma soluble interleukin-6 receptor concentrations in male twins. 2010 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:20463041
Bjerve KS et al. Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in patients on long-term gastric-tube feeding: estimation of linolenic acid and long-chain unsaturated n-3 fatty acid requirement in man. 1987 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:2879436
Lin YH et al. Compartmental analyses of 2H5-alpha-linolenic acid and C-U-eicosapentaenoic acid toward synthesis of plasma labeled 22:6n-3 in newborn term infants. 2010 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:20534748
Giltay EJ et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms and dispositional optimism after myocardial infarction. 2011 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:22030221
Bursztyn P Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure? 1987 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:2884863
Bozian RC and Moussavian SN Human linolenic acid deficiency. 1982 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:6293298
Makrides M et al. A randomized trial of different ratios of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid in the diet of term infants: effects on visual function and growth. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10617956
Thies F et al. Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 y. 2001 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11237929
Cho E et al. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. 2001 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11157315
Connor WE Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10617967
Auestad N and Innis SM Dietary n-3 fatty acid restriction during gestation in rats: neuronal cell body and growth-cone fatty acids. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10617988
Marshall LA et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid and prostaglandin synthesis: a time course study. 1983 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:6316775
James MJ et al. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10617994
Sanders TA Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Europe. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10617968
Uauy R and Hoffman DR Essential fat requirements of preterm infants. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10617979
Baylin A et al. Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake. 2002 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:12324287
Wilk JB et al. Plasma and dietary omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and heart failure risk in the Physicians' Health Study. 2012 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:22952185
Gopinath B et al. Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, and nuts and risk of inflammatory disease mortality. 2011 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:21411616
Koletzko B and Cunnane S Human alpha-linolenic acid deficiency. 1988 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:2897782
Lucas M et al. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of clinical depression in women: a 10-y prospective follow-up study. 2011 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:21471279
Mantzioris E et al. Nutritional attributes of dietary flaxseed oil. 1995 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:7572718
Chiu CC et al. Associations between n-3 PUFA concentrations and cognitive function after recovery from late-life depression. 2012 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:22218153
Lemaitre RN et al. Circulating and dietary α-linolenic acid and incidence of congestive heart failure in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. 2012 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:22743310
Welch AA et al. Dietary intake and status of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the product-precursor ratio [corrected] of α-linolenic acid to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. 2010 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:20861171
Kwon JS et al. Effects of diets high in saturated fatty acids, canola oil, or safflower oil on platelet function, thromboxane B2 formation, and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids. 1991 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:1677525
Cunnane S Cholesterol lowering by alpha-linolenic acid. 1992 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:1345883
Ferrier LK et al. alpha-Linolenic acid- and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched eggs from hens fed flaxseed: influence on blood lipids and platelet phospholipid fatty acids in humans. 1995 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:7598070
Baylin A et al. alpha-Linolenic acid, Delta6-desaturase gene polymorphism, and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction. 2007 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:17284757
Burdge GC Polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes and α-linolenic acid metabolism. 2011 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:21191139
Sanders TA et al. Effect of varying the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids by increasing the dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, or both on fibrinogen and clotting factors VII and XII in persons aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP study. 2006 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:16960164
Salem N and Kuratko CN Lack of evidence for increased α-linolenic acid metabolism in vegetarians. 2011 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:21430120
Arterburn LM et al. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. 2006 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:16841856
Breslow JL n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. 2006 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:16841857
Feskens EJ The prevention of type 2 diabetes: should we recommend vegetable oils instead of fatty fish? 2011 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:21733879
Bork CS et al. Dietary intake and adipose tissue content of α-linolenic acid and risk of myocardial infarction: a Danish cohort study. 2016 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:27169831
Djoussé L et al. Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. 2001 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11684529
Bemelmans WJ et al. Effect of an increased intake of alpha-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. 2002 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11815311
Heskey CE et al. Adipose tissue α-linolenic acid is inversely associated with insulin resistance in adults. 2016 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:26912497
Goyens PL et al. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio. 2006 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:16825680
Venäläinen TM et al. Effect of a 2-y dietary and physical activity intervention on plasma fatty acid composition and estimated desaturase and elongase activities in children: the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study. 2016 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:27581473
Almario RU et al. Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia. 2001 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11451720
Mantzioris E et al. Biochemical effects of a diet containing foods enriched with n-3 fatty acids. 2000 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:10871559
Makrides M et al. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. 1994 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:7913291
Zhao G et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hypercholesterolemic subjects. 2007 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:17284733
Elias SL and Innis SM Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length. 2001 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:11273857
Merchant AT et al. Intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US men. 2005 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:16155282
Freese R and Mutanen M Alpha-linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. 1997 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:9280178
Chan JK et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is as effective as oleic acid and linoleic acid in lowering blood cholesterol in normolipidemic men. 1991 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:1673589
Harris WS n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. 1997 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. pmid:9129504