butyric acid

butyric acid is a lipid of Fatty Acyls (FA) class. Butyric acid is associated with abnormalities such as PARKINSON DISEASE, LATE-ONSET, Colitis, Autoimmune Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and PARAGANGLIOMAS 2. The involved functions are known as DNA Methylation, Transcription, Genetic, chromatin modification, Gene Expression and Gene Silencing. Butyric acid often locates in Membrane, Chromatin Structure, Chromosomes, viral nucleocapsid location and Ribosomes. The associated genes with butyric acid are Locus, Genes, Dominant, Genes, rRNA, Genome and Chromatin. The related lipids are Butyrates, butyrate, Promega, Butyric Acids and Butyric Acid.

Cross Reference

Introduction

To understand associated biological information of butyric acid, we collected biological information of abnormalities, associated pathways, cellular/molecular locations, biological functions, related genes/proteins, lipids and common seen animal/experimental models with organized paragraphs from literatures.

What diseases are associated with butyric acid?

butyric acid is suspected in Colitis, Ulcerative Colitis, Anemia, Sickle Cell, Thalassemia, PARKINSON DISEASE, LATE-ONSET, Infection and other diseases in descending order of the highest number of associated sentences.

Related references are mostly published in these journals:

Disease Cross reference Weighted score Related literature
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

Possible diseases from mapped MeSH terms on references

We collected disease MeSH terms mapped to the references associated with butyric acid

MeSH term MeSH ID Detail
Acidosis D000138 13 associated lipids
Adenocarcinoma D000230 166 associated lipids
Adenoma D000236 40 associated lipids
Alzheimer Disease D000544 76 associated lipids
Anaplasia D000708 1 associated lipids
Anemia, Sickle Cell D000755 34 associated lipids
Angina Pectoris D000787 27 associated lipids
Aphakia, Postcataract D001036 1 associated lipids
Arrhythmias, Cardiac D001145 42 associated lipids
Astigmatism D001251 1 associated lipids
Ataxia Telangiectasia D001260 6 associated lipids
Sarcoma, Avian D001357 2 associated lipids
Body Weight D001835 333 associated lipids
Brain Diseases D001927 27 associated lipids
Burkitt Lymphoma D002051 15 associated lipids
Burns D002056 34 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung D002289 72 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Renal Cell D002292 12 associated lipids
Cattle Diseases D002418 24 associated lipids
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic D002471 126 associated lipids
Cell Transformation, Viral D002472 26 associated lipids
Colitis D003092 69 associated lipids
Colitis, Ulcerative D003093 24 associated lipids
Colonic Neoplasms D003110 161 associated lipids
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis D003123 2 associated lipids
Constipation D003248 8 associated lipids
Corneal Diseases D003316 13 associated lipids
Cystic Fibrosis D003550 65 associated lipids
Cytomegalovirus Infections D003586 7 associated lipids
Dental Leakage D003763 5 associated lipids
Dentin, Secondary D003809 2 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus D003920 90 associated lipids
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 D003924 87 associated lipids
Diabetic Retinopathy D003930 39 associated lipids
Diarrhea D003967 32 associated lipids
Disease Models, Animal D004195 4 associated lipids
Diverticulitis D004238 1 associated lipids
Diverticulitis, Colonic D004239 1 associated lipids
Dysentery D004403 4 associated lipids
Edema D004487 152 associated lipids
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous D004761 8 associated lipids
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute D004915 41 associated lipids
Facial Injuries D005151 1 associated lipids
Fatty Liver D005234 48 associated lipids
Fragile X Syndrome D005600 5 associated lipids
Glioma D005910 112 associated lipids
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II D006009 2 associated lipids
Granuloma, Lethal Midline D006103 2 associated lipids
Hemolysis D006461 131 associated lipids
Hemorrhoids D006484 2 associated lipids
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular D006528 140 associated lipids
Herpesviridae Infections D006566 4 associated lipids
Hydatidiform Mole D006828 3 associated lipids
Hyperkinesis D006948 11 associated lipids
Hypothyroidism D007037 32 associated lipids
Infectious Mononucleosis D007244 5 associated lipids
Insulinoma D007340 28 associated lipids
Intestinal Neoplasms D007414 2 associated lipids
Ketosis D007662 13 associated lipids
Kidney Failure, Chronic D007676 51 associated lipids
Laryngeal Neoplasms D007822 7 associated lipids
Leukemia D007938 74 associated lipids
Leukemia, Experimental D007942 42 associated lipids
Leukemia, Lymphoid D007945 18 associated lipids
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute D007947 7 associated lipids
Leukemia, Myeloid D007951 52 associated lipids
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors D008052 26 associated lipids
Liver Neoplasms, Experimental D008114 46 associated lipids
Lung Neoplasms D008175 171 associated lipids
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic D008180 43 associated lipids
Lymphatic Metastasis D008207 10 associated lipids
Lymphoma D008223 18 associated lipids
Lymphoproliferative Disorders D008232 7 associated lipids
Marek Disease D008380 4 associated lipids
Medulloblastoma D008527 22 associated lipids
Melanoma D008545 69 associated lipids
Myoepithelioma D009208 1 associated lipids
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms D009303 4 associated lipids
Neoplastic Cells, Circulating D009360 5 associated lipids
Neoplasm Invasiveness D009361 23 associated lipids
Neovascularization, Pathologic D009389 39 associated lipids
Nerve Degeneration D009410 53 associated lipids
Nervous System Diseases D009422 37 associated lipids
Neuroblastoma D009447 66 associated lipids
Nevus D009506 2 associated lipids
Nose Neoplasms D009669 3 associated lipids
Occupational Diseases D009784 42 associated lipids
Ovarian Neoplasms D010051 10 associated lipids
Pancreatic Neoplasms D010190 77 associated lipids
Parkinson Disease, Secondary D010302 17 associated lipids
Periodontal Diseases D010510 15 associated lipids
Periodontitis D010518 22 associated lipids
Peritonitis D010538 38 associated lipids
Phenylketonurias D010661 7 associated lipids
Pituitary Neoplasms D010911 4 associated lipids
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli D011125 16 associated lipids
Poultry Diseases D011201 21 associated lipids
Pregnancy in Diabetics D011254 3 associated lipids
Proctitis D011349 1 associated lipids
Prostatic Neoplasms D011471 126 associated lipids
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 149

PubChem Associated disorders and diseases

What pathways are associated with butyric acid

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

Link to PubChem Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

What cellular locations are associated with butyric acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Location Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What functions are associated with butyric acid?


Related references are published most in these journals:

Function Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What lipids are associated with butyric acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:

Lipid concept Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures
Loading... please refresh the page if content is not showing up.

What genes are associated with butyric acid?

Related references are published most in these journals:


Gene Cross reference Weighted score Related literatures

What common seen animal models are associated with butyric acid?

There are no associated biomedical information in the current reference collection.

NCBI Entrez Crosslinks

All references with butyric acid

Download all related citations
Per page 10 20 50 100 | Total 7933
Authors Title Published Journal PubMed Link
Tanaka H et al. Histiocytic differentiation of mouse malignant fibrous histiocytoma-like tumor cells by culturing with sodium butyrate. 1982 Cell Biol. Int. Rep. pmid:6276030
Klein G et al. Human lymphoma-lymphoma hybrids and lymphoma-leukemia hybrids. II. Epstein-Barr virus induction patterns. 1982 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. pmid:6278188
Sugawara K et al. Epstein-barr virus-related DNA-binding proteins induced by n-butyrate in P3HR-1 cells. 1982 Virology pmid:6278714
Rizzino A et al. Dome formation by a retrovirus-induced lung adenocarcinoma cell line. 1982 Cancer Res. pmid:6279287
Panhuber H Effect of odor quality and intensity on conditioned odor aversion learning in the rat. 1982 Physiol. Behav. pmid:6281816
Sternås L et al. Detection and characterization of EBV antigens by micro-ELISA and chromatofocusing. 1982 J. Virol. Methods pmid:6286703
Poirier O et al. [Enhancement by sodium butyrate of the cytotoxic effect of methotrexate on leukemic cells]. 1982 C R Seances Acad Sci III pmid:6812884
Cinti DL et al. Evidence for a second microsomal trans-2-enoyl coenzyme A reductase in rat liver. NADPH-specific short chain reductase. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6815194
Boffi V and Lucarelli AM Effect of the carbon oxidation level of the energy source on heat of reaction in biosynthesis of a Pseudomonas strain. 1982 Microbiologica pmid:6818430
Nakao Y et al. Paradoxical anti-leukemic effects of plant-derived tumor promoters on a human thymic lymphoblast cell line. 1982 Int. J. Cancer pmid:6819241
Reuter G et al. Butyrate sensitive suppressor of position-effect variegation mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. 1982 Mol. Gen. Genet. pmid:6819429
Horton MA Analysis of marker enzymes in the K562 erythroleukaemia cell line: no coordinate expression of red cell enzymes on induction of haemoglobin synthesis. 1982 Biomed. Pharmacother. pmid:6819869
Lin MC et al. Loss and restoration of glucagon receptors and responsiveness in a transformed kidney cell line. 1982 Exp. Cell Res. pmid:6291963
Chrapkiewicz NB et al. Induction of the messenger ribonucleic acid coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in H4-II-E cells. Evidence for a nuclear effect of cyclic AMP. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6292224
Anisimová E et al. Effects of n-butyrate on Epstein-Barr virus-carrying lymphoma lines. 1982 J. Gen. Virol. pmid:6292341
Yarlett N et al. Respiration of the rumen ciliate Dasytricha ruminantium Schuberg. 1982 Biochem. J. pmid:6293462
Roman A Alteration in the simian virus 40 maturation pathway after butyrate-induced hyperacetylation of histones. 1982 J. Virol. pmid:6294343
Schulze I and Perez-Polo JR Nerve growth factor and cyclic AMP: opposite effects on neuroblastoma-substrate adhesion. 1982 J. Neurosci. Res. pmid:6296416
Otto DA and Cook GA Role of Ca2+ in regulating the level of mitochondrial pyrophosphate. Effect on butyrate oxidation. 1982 FEBS Lett. pmid:6297969
Kruh J Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture. 1982 Mol. Cell. Biochem. pmid:6174854
Ghosh NK Drug-induced biochemical markers of cancer in cervical carcinoma cells. 1982 Clin. Biochem. pmid:6175442
Bell PA and Jones CN Cytotoxic effects of butyrate and other 'differentiation inducers' on immature lymphoid cells. 1982 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6176240
Abraham EC et al. Synthesis of the minor fetal hemoglobin Fic in colonies of erythropoietic precursors isolated from human umbilical cord blood. 1982 Am. J. Hematol. pmid:6177240
Adolf GR et al. Spontaneous production of alpha- and beta-interferon in human lymphoblastoid and lymphoma cell lines. 1982 Arch. Virol. pmid:6180703
Harris M Induction of thymidine kinase in enzyme-deficient Chinese hamster cells. 1982 Cell pmid:6180833
Zeng Y et al. Enhancement of spontaneous VCA and EA induction in B95-8 cells and EA induction in Raji cells treated with human leukocyte interferon. 1982 Intervirology pmid:6181009
Katz HR et al. Complications of contact lens wear after radial keratotomy in an animal model. 1982 Am. J. Ophthalmol. pmid:6181688
Shuttleworth J et al. Control of interferon mRNA levels and interferon yields in butyrate and 5'-bromodeoxyuridine-treated Namalwa cells. 1982 J. Gen. Virol. pmid:6183395
Horwitz KB et al. Variant T47D human breast cancer cells with high progesterone-receptor levels despite estrogen and antiestrogen resistance. 1982 Cell pmid:7200400
Jahangeer S et al. beta-Adrenergic receptor induction in HeLa cells: synergistic effect of 5-azacytidine and butyrate. 1982 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6185119
Roediger WE and Rae DA Trophic effect of short chain fatty acids on mucosal handling of ions by the defunctioned colon. 1982 Br J Surg pmid:7053797
Takahara N et al. Induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured human intracranial tumor cells. 1982 Cancer Res. pmid:7055804
O'Donnell ME and Horwitz BA Effects of butyrate on ouabain-sensitive respiration of hamster brown adipocytes. 1982 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:7058878
Tsao D et al. Differential effects of sodium butyrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and retinoic acid on membrane-associated antigen, enzymes, and glycoproteins of human rectal adenocarcinoma cells. 1982 Cancer Res. pmid:7059970
Mironescu SG et al. Cyclic nucleotide modulation of in vitro morphological transformation of Syrian hamster cells. 1982 Cancer Res. pmid:7060004
Vavra KJ et al. Regulation of histone acetylation in Tetrahymena macro- and micronuclei. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:7061439
Cousens LS and Alberts BM Accessibility of newly synthesized chromatin to histone acetylase. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:7061519
Edde B et al. Changes in some cytoskeletal proteins during neuroblastoma cell differentiation. 1982 Biochimie pmid:7066411
Soergel KH et al. N-butyrate absorption in the human colon. 1982 Dig. Dis. Sci. pmid:7067579
Norton BW et al. The effects of intraruminal infusions of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride and sodium butyrate on urea metabolism in sheep. 1982 Br. J. Nutr. pmid:6288069
Shuttleworth J et al. Protein synthesis in human lymphoblastoid cells (Namalwa) after treatment with butyrate and 5'-bromodeoxyuridine. 1982 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:6288100
Hance AJ et al. Hyperoxic-induced alterations in lung cell structure and function. Effects on cellular cyclic AMP content and comparison to alterations produced by exogenous cyclic AMP. 1982 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:6288116
Perry M and Chalkley R Histone acetylation increases the solubility of chromatin and occurs sequentially over most of the chromatin. A novel model for the biological role of histone acetylation. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:7085629
Edson DC and Smith JW Comparison of concentration procedures for detection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in a CAP Parasitology Survey specimen. 1982 Am. J. Clin. Pathol. pmid:7137108
Herz F and Halwer M Synergistic induction of alkaline phosphatase in colonic carcinoma cells by sodium butyrate and hyperosmolality. 1982 Biochim. Biophys. Acta pmid:7138912
Vinores SA et al. Butyrate-induced increase in neuron-specific enolase and ornithine decarboxylase in anaplastic glioma cells. 1982 Brain Res. pmid:7139340
Littlefield BA et al. Lack of effect of butyrate on S phase DNA synthesis despite presence of histone hyperacetylation. 1982 Exp. Cell Res. pmid:7140840
Covault J et al. Effects of histone hyperacetylation and hypoacetylation on RNA synthesis in HTC cells. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:7142157
Smerdon MJ et al. Sodium butyrate stimulates DNA repair in UV-irradiated normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:7142158
Saudubray JM et al. Oxidation of fatty acids in cultured fibroblasts: a model system for the detection and study of defects in oxidation. 1982 Pediatr. Res. pmid:7145511
Williams JI and Friedberg EC Increased levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts pretreated with sodium butyrate. 1982 Photochem. Photobiol. pmid:7146112
Touw JJ et al. Butyrate: a cytotoxin for Vero cells produced by Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides asaccharolyticus. 1982 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek pmid:7149698
Otto DA and Ontko JA Structure-function relations between fatty acid oxidation and the mitochondrial inner-membrane--matrix region. 1982 Eur. J. Biochem. pmid:7151811
Dokhelar MC et al. NK cell sensitivity of the leukemic K 562 cells; effect of sodium butyrate and hemin induction. 1982 J. Immunol. pmid:7033373
Osdoby P et al. Isolated osteoclasts and their presumed progenitor cells, the monocyte, in culture. 1982 J. Exp. Zool. pmid:7153726
Pantazis P and Bonner WM Butyrate-induced histone hyperacetylation in human and mouse cells: estimation of putative sites of histone acetylation in vivo. 1982 J. Cell. Biochem. pmid:7169496
Lester SC et al. Derepression of genes on the human inactive X chromosome: evidence for differences in locus-specific rates of derepression and rates of transfer of active and inactive genes after DNA-mediated transformation. 1982 Somatic Cell Genet. pmid:9732753
Milsted A et al. Glycopeptide hormone production by cultured human diploid fibroblasts. 1982 J. Cell. Physiol. pmid:7174742
Ramirez ML et al. Chlorambucil-induced changes in chromatin methylation and their modulation by sodium butyrate. 1982 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:7181918
Loidl P et al. Cell-cycle-dependent effects of sodium-n-butyrate in Physarum polycephalum. 1982 J. Cell. Sci. pmid:7183689
Covault J et al. Histone hypoacetylation following release of HTC cells from butyrate. 1982 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6950936
Ullrich D et al. [The effect of lacquer coatings on indoor air quality using as example radiator lacquers]. 1982 Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg pmid:7184167
Ekblom M et al. Acute erythroleukaemia with L3 morphology and the 14q+ chromosome. 1982 Scand J Haematol pmid:6956958
Mason RJ et al. Transepithelial transport by pulmonary alveolar type II cells in primary culture. 1982 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. pmid:6964398
Leibovitch MP et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on messenger RNA populations in myogenic cells in culture. 1982 Differentiation pmid:6897049
Refojo MF Current status of biomaterials in ophthalmology. 1982 Mar-Apr Surv Ophthalmol pmid:7046116
Kawanishi M and Ito Y Similarity of Epstein-Barr virus early polypeptides induced by various tumor promoters. 1982 May-Jun Cancer Lett. pmid:6288232
Tutton PJ and Barkla DH Further studies on the effect of adenosine cyclic monophosphate derivatives on cell proliferation in the jejunal crypts of rat. 1982 Nov-Dec Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. pmid:6299638
Harada E and Kato S Effect of short-chain fatty acids on the secretory response of the ovine exocrine pancreas. 1983 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:6187225
Cox GS and McClure DS Effect of media composition on the induction of chorionic gonadotropin by sodium butyrate in HeLa cells. 1983 In Vitro pmid:6822399
Whitlock JP et al. Acetylation and calcium-dependent phosphorylation of histone H3 in nuclei from butyrate-treated HeLa cells. 1983 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6822500
Iseki S and Baserga R Effect of butyrate on adenovirus infection in semipermissive cells. 1983 Virology pmid:6823744
Tsao D et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on carcinoembryonic antigen production by human colonic adenocarcinoma cells in culture. 1983 Cancer Res. pmid:6825092
Lough J Modulation of in vitro myogenesis by submillimolar concentrations of sodium butyrate. 1983 Cell Differ. pmid:6825176
Bauer G Induction of Epstein-Barr virus early antigens by corticosteroids: inhibition by TPA and retinoic acid. 1983 Int. J. Cancer pmid:6826253
Wick MR et al. Cutaneous malignant histiocytosis: a clinical and histopathologic study of eight cases, with immunohistochemical analysis. 1983 J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. pmid:6826808
Segers L and Verstraete W Conversion of organic acids to h(2) by Rhodospirillaceae grown with glutamate or dinitrogen as nitrogen source. 1983 Biotechnol. Bioeng. pmid:18548621
Datta R and Ogeltree J Methanol bioconversion by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum--batch fermentation yield and kinetics. 1983 Biotechnol. Bioeng. pmid:18548714
Sullivan SG et al. Effects of prednisolone and butyrate on agglutinability of HeLa cells by concanavalin A. 1983 Experientia pmid:6861973
Werkmeister JA et al. Modulation of K562 cells with sodium butyrate. Association of impaired NK susceptibility with sialic acid and analysis of other parameters. 1983 Int. J. Cancer pmid:6862694
Kawanishi M et al. Identification and characterization of Epstein-Barr virus-related surface polypeptides expressed on n-butyrate-treated P3HR-1 cells. 1983 Intervirology pmid:6299996
Boguszaková L et al. Relationship between Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen and DNA genome number in superinfected and induced lymphoblastoid cell lines. 1983 J. Gen. Virol. pmid:6300308
Cioè L et al. Modulation of hemoglobin synthesis in K-562(S) cells treated with interferons. 1983 Blood pmid:6301582
Bide RW Excess rumen product anions in cattle. I. Blood clearance rates and reduced liver function from sublethal doses of volatile fatty acids, lactate and succinate. 1983 Can. J. Comp. Med. pmid:6883189
Tertov VV et al. [Effect of dibutyryl-cAMP on the cholesterol ester content in human atherosclerotic aorta cells]. 1983 Biull Eksp Biol Med pmid:6303477
Küng W et al. Growth stimulation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. 1983 Cell Biol. Int. Rep. pmid:6303604
Shuttleworth J et al. Expression of interferon-alpha and interferon-beta genes in human lymphoblastoid (Namalwa) cells. 1983 Eur. J. Biochem. pmid:6303787
Bauer G Quantitative analysis of the cooperative effect between inducers of Epstein-Barr virus antigen synthesis. 1983 J. Gen. Virol. pmid:6304236
Szutowicz A et al. The enzymes of acetyl-CoA metabolism in differentiating cholinergic (s-20) and noncholinergic (NIE-115) neuroblastoma cells. 1983 J. Neurochem. pmid:6304253
Saemundsen AK et al. Intracellular Epstein-Barr virus DNA is methylated in and around the EcoRI-J fragment in both producer and nonproducer cell lines. 1983 Virology pmid:6305009
Vinores SA Increased adhesion response of anaplastic glioma cells to nerve growth factor and the presence of specific receptors. 1983 J. Neurosci. Res. pmid:6319724
Hirano H et al. Studies on the riboflavin-binding capacity of the rat lens. 1983 Int J Vitam Nutr Res pmid:6629663
Okuno E et al. Effect of chronic administration of riboflavin 2',3',4',5'-tetrabutyrate on the hepatic enzymes of fatty acid oxidation in the rat. 1983 J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. pmid:6676446
Derr RF et al. Suppression of an ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats by butyrate, lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. 1983 Life Sci. pmid:6682922
Awad WM et al. Evidence for direct methyl transfer in betaine: homocysteine S-methyl-transferase. 1983 J. Biol. Chem. pmid:6630207
Simpson ER et al. Aromatization of androgens by human adipose tissue in vitro. 1983 J. Steroid Biochem. pmid:6310250
Prasad MR et al. Kinetic evidence for two separate trans-2-enoyl CoA reductases in rat hepatic microsomes: NADPH-specific short chain- and NAD(P)H-dependent long chain-reductase. 1983 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. pmid:6870879
Yukioka M et al. Transcribing chromatin is not preferentially enriched with acetylated histones. 1983 FEBS Lett. pmid:6873281
Omura S et al. Valine as a precursor of n-butyrate unit in the biosynthesis of macrolide aglycone. 1983 J. Antibiot. pmid:6874580
Snow TR and Caspar T Substrate dependence of myocardial response to hypoxia in the presence of theophylline. 1983 Am. J. Physiol. pmid:6881369